question

management

answer

the process used to accomplish organizational goals through planning, organizing, leading, and controlling people and other organizational resources

question

planning

answer

a management function that includes anticipating trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational goals and objectives

question

organizing

answer

a management function that includes designing the structure of the organization and creating conditions and systems in which everyone and everything work together to achieve the organizations goals and objectives

question

leading

answer

creating a vision for the organization and guiding, training, coaching, and motivating others to work effectively to achieve the organizations goals and objectives

question

controlling

answer

a management function that involves establishing clear standards to determine whether or not an organization is progressing toward its goals and objectives, rewarding people for doing a good job, and taking corrective action if they are not

question

vision

answer

an encompassing explanation of why the organization exists and where it's trying to head

question

mission statement

answer

an outline of the fundamental purpose of an organization

question

goals

answer

the broad, long term accomplishments an organization wishes to attain

question

objectives

answer

specific, short term statements detailing how to achieve the organizations goals

question

SWOT analysis

answer

SWOT = Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats; a planning tool used to analyze an organizations strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats

question

strategic planning

answer

the process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals

question

tactical planning

answer

the process of developing detailed, short term statements about what is to be done, who is to do it, and how it is to be done

question

operational planning

answer

the process of setting work standards and schedules necessary to implement the company's tactical objectives

question

contingency planning

answer

the process of preparing alternative courses of action that may be used if the primary plans don't achieve the organizations objectives

question

decision making

answer

choosing among two or more alternatives

question

problem solving

answer

the process of solving the everyday problems that occur. problem solving is less formal than decision making and usually calls for quicker action

question

brainstorming

answer

coming up with as many solutions to a problem as possible in a short period of time with no censoring of ideas

question

PMI

answer

PMI = Pluses, Minuses, Implications; listing all the pluses for a solution in one column, all the minuses in another, and the implications in a third column

question

organization chart

answer

a visual device that shows relationships among people and divides the organizatins work; it shows who is accountable for the completion of specific work and who reports to whom

question

top management

answer

highest level of management, consisting of the president and other key company executives who develop strategic plans

question

middle management

answer

the level of management that includes general managers, dividsion managers, and branch and plant managers who are responsible for tactical planning and controlling

question

supervisory management

answer

managers who are directly responsible for supervising workers and evaluating their daily performance

question

technical skills

answer

skills that involve the ability to perform tasks in a specific discipline or department

question

human relations skills

answer

skills that involve communication and motivation; they enable managers to work through and with people

question

conceptual skills

answer

skills that involve the ability to picture the organization as a whole and the relationship among its various parts

question

staffing

answer

a management function that includes hiring, motivating, and retaining the best people available to accomplish the company's objectives

question

autocratic leadership

answer

leadership style that involves making managerial decisions without consulting others

question

participative (democratic) leadership

answer

leadership style that consists of managers and employees working together to make decisions

question

free-rein leadership

answer

leadership style that invovles managers setting objectives and employees being relatively free to do whatever it takes to accomplish those objectives

question

knowledge management

answer

finding the right information, keeping the information in a readily accessible place, and making the information known to everyone in the firm

question

external customers

answer

dealers, who buy products to sell to others, and ultimate customers (or end users), who buy products for their own personal use

question

internal customers

answer

individuals and units within the firm that receive services from other individuals or units

question

funds

answer

amounts of money

question

profit

answer

the difference between revenue and expenses

question

ledgers

answer

books in which financial records are written

question

trial balance

answer

a summary of all the financial data in the account ledgers that ensures the figures are correct and balanced

question

annual report

answer

a yearly statement of the financial condition, progress, and expectations of an organization.

question

profit and loss account

answer

a financial statement showing revenue, expenditure and profit during a given period

question

the P&L account begins with...

answer

total sales (=revenue) generated during a month, quarter or year

question

the P&L account ends with...

answer

earnings (= profit / the bottom line)

question

cost of goods sold (COGS)

answer

manufacturing costs, wages of blue-collar workers, transport costs etc.

question

operating expenses

answer

salaries of sales and office staff, marketing costs, rent etc.= overheads

question

non-operating income

answer

profits from investments in other companies

question

EBITDA

answer

Earnings before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation and Amortization

question

depreciation

answer

the loss in value of a tangable asset (e.g. a vehicle)

question

amortization

answer

the loss in value of an intangible asset (e.g. the purchase of a licence or trademark)

question

balance sheet

answer

a financial statement that reports assets, liabilities, and owner's equity on a specific date

question

the basic equation that has to balance is:

answer

Assets = Liabilities + Shareholders´ equity

question

asset

answer

anything of value owned by a business

question

liability

answer

any amount owed to a creditor

question

shareholders´ equity

answer

the shareolder's claims on a company's assets after all of its creditors have been paid

question

current assets or short-term assets

answer

items that can or will be converted into cash within one year; may also include marketable securities

question

securities

answer

shares (stocks) and bonds

question

fixed assets or long-term assets

answer

items that are relatively permanent, such as land, buildings, and equipment

question

intangible assets

answer

long-term assets (e.g., patents, trademarks, copyrights) that have no real physical form but do have value

question

goodwill

answer

customers´ approval and support of a business (reputation, contacts and expertise of companies that have been bought)

question

current liabilities or short-term liabilities

answer

borrowed money (bank debt, money owed to suppliers, unpaid salaries and bills) that must be repaid within 12 months

question

long-term liabilities

answer

financial obligations that will take the business more than one year to repay.

question

working capital

answer

the difference between current assets and current liabilities

question

bank debt

answer

loan capital including also any overdraft (temporary negative balance)

question

accounts payable

answer

money an organization owes to its vendors and suppliers.

question

accrued taxes

answer

taxes built up over time, unpaid taxes

question

accrued salaries

answer

salaries paid for after the service has been performed, typically includes future bonuses

question

inventory

answer

the value of raw materials and stock

question

fixtures

answer

part of a building that cannot be moved, such as lights; personal property so securely attached to real estate that it becomes part of the real estate

question

mortgage

answer

a long-term bank loan to purchase a home or other real estate

question

bond

answer

a loan for fixed period of time with fixed interest rate

question

provisions

answer

amounts set aside for anticipated one-time payments that are not part of regular operations - perhaps a lawsuit, or a compensationpackage for employees being laid off

question

retained profit

answer

reserves, the amount of profit which is kept back by a business for future investment

question

cash flow statement

answer

a financial statement that shows the flow of money in and out of the business; it shows the real cash that is available to keep the business running

question

causes of cash flow problems

answer

late payments and non-payments, unforeseen costs, unexpected changes in demand, over-borrowing from the bank to finance expansion plans

question

solutions for managing cash flow

answer

credit control, stock control, expenditure control, marketing initiatives, using an outside company to recover a debt

question

factoring

answer

using an outside company to recover debts, obtaining funding by selling account receivable

question

debt financing

answer

funds raised through various forms of borrowing that must be repaid (e.g. trade credit, bank loan, issuing bonds)

question

equity financing

answer

money raised from within the firm, from operations or through the sale of ownership in the firm (e.g. reinvested earnings, sale of assets, issue of new shares)

question

issues in financial management

answer

cost centres, profit centres, variance analysis, costing methods (standard versus marginal costing), valuing assets

question

liquidity ratios

answer

measure the ability to turn assets into cash to pay short-term depts

question

profitability ratios

answer

measure the company's ability to generate profits

question

leverage (debt) ratios

answer

measure the degree to which a firm relies on borrowed funds in its operations

question

activity ratios

answer

measure the effectiveness of the use of resources from an operational point of view

question

finance and organizational structure

answer

CFO (.........................................................) is on the Board. 3 senior managers below report to CFO: FC (...................................................), T (..........................) and CAO (...................................)

question

financial controller (is responsible for)

answer

planning, monitoring (comparing planned spending with actual spending), producing financial data for the senior management team, analysing major financial decisions

question

treasurer is (responsible for)

answer

managing cash flow and raising new funds

question

chief accounting officer (is responsible for)

answer

keeping the company´s books, preparing financial statements, preparing tax returns, developing strategies to minimize taxes

question

accounting

answer

the information system that identifies, records, and communicates the economic events of an organization to interested users (majandusarvestus)

question

financial accounting

answer

the phase of accounting concerned with providing information to stockholders, creditors, and others outside the organization (finantsarvestus)

question

bookkeeping

answer

the activity of recording business transactions (raamatupidamine)

question

Marketing

answer

the commercial processes involved in promoting and selling and distributing a product or service

question

retailers

answer

channel of distribution that buys goods from wholesalers or directly from manufacturers and resells them to the final consumer.

question

wholesalers

answer

Obtain goods from manufacturers and resell them to industrial users, other wholesalers and retailers.

question

buying

answer

pay for something

question

selling

answer

the exchange of goods for an agreed sum of money

question

transporting

answer

the marketing function of moving goods

question

storing

answer

marketing function of holding goods so they're available when they're needed

question

financing

answer

Budgeting for marketing activities,obtaining the necessary funds needed for operations,and providing financial assistance to customers so they can purchase the business products and service.

question

researching

answer

Studying buyer interests and needs, testing products, and gathering facts needed to make good marketing decisions

question

risk taking

answer

bearing the uncertainties that are part of the marketing process

question

grading and valuing

answer

grouping goods according to size, quality, or other characteristics, and determining appropriate price for products and services

question

product oriented

answer

An approach to business that centers on capturing business by focusing on creating and manufacturing better products at lower prices.

question

sales oriented

answer

Companies emphasized widespread distribution and promotion in order to sell products and services

question

customer oriented

answer

describes a firm in which all decisions are made with a conscious awareness of their effect on the consumer.

question

marketing concept

answer

the idea that the social and economic justification for an organization's existence is the satisfaction of customer wants and needs while meeting organizational objectives

question

market

answer

the world of commercial activity where goods and services are bought and sold

question

market research

answer

research that gathers and analyzes information about the moving of good or services from producer to consumer

question

target markets

answer

Identified segments of the market that a business wants to have as their customers.

question

marketing mix

answer

The blending of four marketing elements-product, distribution, price, and promotion

question

product

answer

an artifact that has been created by someone or some process

question

price

answer

the high value or worth of something

question

distrubution

answer

Shipping and transportation, delivery to customers.

question

promotion

answer

encouragement of the progress or growth or acceptance of something

question

marketing plan

answer

A written document that acts as a guidebook of marketing activities for the marketing manager

question

product life cycle

answer

Four stages that product goes through over its life: introduction, growth, maturity, and decline.

question

introduction stage

answer

the product life-cycle stage in which the new product is first distributed and made available for purchase.

question

growth stage

answer

The product life cycle stage in which sales rise rapidly

question

maturity stage

answer

The product life cycle stage in which sales peak and then increase at a slower rate or start to decline

question

decline stage

answer

The product life-cycle stage in which a product's sales decline

question

industrial goods

answer

physical products purchased by companies to produce other products

question

consumer goods

answer

goods (as food or clothing) intended for direct use or consumption

question

convenience goods

answer

Inexpensive products that are purchased regularly and require little time and effort for purchase decisions.

question

shopping goods

answer

Items purchased after comparing prices and features.

question

specialty goods

answer

goods that are not mass-produced but rather assembled individually or in small quantities

question

unsought goods

answer

items that the consumer either does not know about or knows about but does not initially want

question

Profit

answer

is money a business earns above and beyond the money that it spends for salaries and other expensses

question

Risk

answer

Is the chance an entrepreneur takes of losig time and money on a business that may not prov profitable

question

Stakeholders

answer

Customers, employees, stockholders, suppliers,dealers, bankers, media, people in the local community, enviromentalists, elected govt officials

question

Advantages of Entrepreneuship

answer

Freedom to make their own decisions, more opportuinity, and possible wealth

question

Disadvantages of Entreprenurship

answer

Entreprenurship risk time and money to start and manage a business. they lose benefits as to working for another company or person

question

How govt. reduces risk for starting a business

answer

allow private ownership, pass laws that enable contracts and ability to enforece in court, establish a world wide trade currency, lessen coruption in business and govt. keep taxes and regulations to a min.

question

Technology benefit workers, business, consumer

answer

workers to be more effective efficient and productive

question

Economics

answer

study of how society chooses to employ resources, and distribute them for consumption among competeing groups and individuals

question

2 branches of economics

answer

Macroeconomics micro economics

question

Macroeconomics

answer

studies the operation of a nation's economy as a whole

question

Microeconomics

answer

studies the behavior of people and organizations in a particular market

question

Resource Development

answer

study of how to increase resources and create the conditions that will make better use of them

question

how does capitalism create a climate for economic growt?

answer

business people dont often deliberately set out to help others; they mostly work for their own prosperity and growth

question

Invisible Hand

answer

the economy grows and prosper through the efforts of improving their own sitiuation in life

question

Capitalism

answer

is an economic system in which all or most of hte means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit.

question

Who decides to produce under capitalism

answer

business decide what to produce, how much to pay workers, how much to charge for goods and services

question

basic rights under capitalism

answer

Right to Private Property, Right to own a business and to keep that business profit after taxes, freedom of competition, and right to freedom of choice

question

How does the Free Market work?

answer

buyers and sellers negotiate prices for goods and services influence the decsions about what gets produced and in what quantities.

question

Socialism

answer

is an economic system base on the premise that some business should be owned by the governemnt

question

Advantages of Socialism

answer

creats more social equity. workers receive more education, health care, fewer work hours, longer vacations

question

Disadvantage of Socialism

answer

lowers incentive to start a business or to work hard higher unemployment rate and slower growth rate

question

Socialism differ from communism

answer

communism the government owns almost all major production facilities and dictates what gets produced and by whome

question

Mixed economy

answer

is part capitalist and part socialist, business privately owned but taxes are high and income is redistributed

question

Gross domestic product

answer

is the total value of final goods and services prodecud in a country in a given year

question

unemployment rate

answer

refers to the % of civilians at least 16 years old who are unemployed and tried to find a job within 4 weeks

question

consumer price index

answer

measures changes in the prices of about 400 goods and services that consumers buy

question

what are the 4 phases of business cycles

answer

economic boom, recession, a depression, recovery

question

recession

answer

when two or more quarters show declines in the GDP, prices fall, people purchase fewer products, businesses fail

question

Keynesian economics

answer

increase government spending and cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy when the economy is in a recession.

question

Fiscal policy

answer

consists of government efforts to keep economy stable by increasing or decreasing taxes or government spending

question

monetary policy

answer

the management of the moey supply and interest rates

question

importance of monetary policy

answer

when unemployment gets too high, the federal reserve bank may put more money into the economy and lower interest rates

question

Why should nations trade with other nations?

answer

no country is self-sufficient, other countries need products that propersous countries can provide, natural resources and technological skills are not distributed evenly around the world

question

theory of comparative advantage?

answer

contends that a country should make and then sell those products it produces most efficiently but buy those it cannot producs as efficiently

question

Absolute advantage

answer

that a country has a monopoly on a certain product or can produce the product more efficiently than any other country. there are few examples of absolute advantage

question

what kind of products can be imported and exported?

answer

any kind of product

question

Exporting

answer

selling products to other countries

question

Importing

answer

buying products from other countries

question

Balance of trade

answer

is the relationship of exports to imports

question

Balance of payments

answer

is the balance of trade plus other money flows such as tourism and foreign aid

question

Dumping

answer

selling products for less ina foreign country than in your own country

question

Ways a company can engage in global business

answer

licensing, exporting, franchising, contract maufacturing, joint ventures, strategiv alliances, direct foreign investment

question

multinational corporations differ from other cmompanies that particiapte in global business

answer

M.C's have manufacturing facilities or other physical presence abroad

question

Forces that can discourage particiaption in global business

answer

sociocultural forces economic and financial force, legal refulatory forces, physical and enviromental forces

question

Trade Protectionism

answer

use of goverment regulations to limit the import of goods and services

question

Tarrifs

answer

taxes on foreign products

question

Embargo

answer

Prohibits the importing or exporting of certain products

question

Off shore outsourcing?

answer

is the purchase of goods and services from outside a firm rather than progiding them inside the company

question

Why major conern?

answer

many jobs int he US will be lost due to offshore outsourving and that the quality of products produced could be inferior

question

Legality

answer

refers only to laws written to protect people from fraud, theft, and violence

question

Ethics

answer

abiding by the moral standards accepted by society. reflects people's proper relationships with one another

question

How to tell if business decisions are ethical?

answer

is it legal? it is balanced? how will it make me feel?

question

Managements role in setting ehtical standards?

answer

management tolerance of intolerance of eithical misconduct influences employees more than any written ethics coes

question

Complaince based eithcs

answer

concerned with avoiding legal pinsihsment,

question

Integrity based codes

answer

define the organiations guiding values

question

Corporate social respobsibility

answer

the concern business have for society

question

How do businesses demonstrate corporate responsibility

answer

staisfy customers with goods and services, make money for its investors, creat jobs for employees, mus create new wealth for society

question

companys social respobsibility measuerd

answer

add together the ogranizations positive actions and then subtract the negative effects to get a net social benefit

question

Ethical Behavior in global marks

answer

making sure suppliers do not violate Human rights and envirolmental standards

question

Marketing

answer

A philosophy, an attitude, a perspective, or a management orientation that stresses customer satisfaction, An organizational activity, set of institutions, and processes.

question

Exchange

answer

people giving up something in order to receive something they would rather have.

question

conditions for an exchange

answer

1. at least two parties, 2. each party has something of value to the other party,3. each part is capable of communication and delivery, 4. each party is free to accept or reject, 5.

question

customer satisfaction

answer

customers' evaluation of a good or service in terms of whether it has met their needs and expectations

question

customer value

answer

The relationship between benefits and the sacrifice necessary to obtain those benefits

question

empowerment

answer

the delegation of power and authority to subordinates

question

market orientation

answer

a philosophy that assumes that a sale does not depend on an aggressive sales force but rather on a customer's decision to purchase product; it is synonymous with the marketing concept

question

Marketing Concept

answer

the idea that the social and economic justification for an organization's existence is the satisfaction of customer wants and needs while meeting organizational objectives

question

production orientation

answer

a philosophy that focuses on the internal capabilities of the firm rather than on the desires and needs of the marketplace

question

relationship marketing

answer

a strategy that focuses on keeping and improving relationships with current customers

question

sales orientation

answer

the ideas that people will buy more goods and services if aggressive sales techniques are used and that high sales result in high profits

question

social marketing orientation

answer

the idea that an organization exists not only to satisfy customer wants and needs and to meet organizational objectives but also to preserve or enhance individuals' and society's long-term best interests

question

cash cow

answer

in the portfolio matrix, a business unit that generates more cash than it needs to maintain its market share

question

competitive advantage

answer

A set of unique features of a company and its products that are perceived by the target market as significant and superior to the competition

question

cost competitive advantage

answer

being the low-cost competitor in an industry while maintaining satisfactory profit margins

question

diversification

answer

A strategy of increasing sales by introducing new products into new markets

question

environmental scanning

answer

searching the environment for important events or issues that might affect an organization

question

experience curves

answer

curves that show costs declining at a predictable rate as experience with a product increases

question

implementation

answer

the process that turns a marketing plan into action assignments and ensures that these assignments are executed in a way that accomplishes the plan's objectives

question

market development

answer

a marketing strategy that entails attracting new customers to existing products

question

market opportunity analysis

answer

The description and estimation of the size and sales potential of market segments that are of interest to the firm and the assessment of key competitors in these market segments.

question

Market Penetration

answer

a marketing strategy that tries to increase market share among existing customers

question

Marketing Audit

answer

a thorough, systematic, periodic evaluation of the objectives, strategies, structure, and performance of the marketing organization

question

Marketing Mix

answer

Product, Price, Place, Promotion

question

Marketing Myopia

answer

the mistake of paying more attention to the specific products a company offers than to the benefits and experiences produced by these products

question

Marketing Objective

answer

a statement of what is to be accomplished through marketing activities

question

Marketing plan

answer

a written document that acts as a guidebook of marketing activities for the marketing manager

question

Marketing Strategy

answer

a company's plan that identifies how it will use marketing to achieve its goals

question

Niche Competitive Advantage

answer

the advantage achieved when a firm seeks to target and effectively serve a small segment of the market

question

Portfolio Matrix

answer

a tool for allocating resources among products or strategic business units on the basis of relative market share and market growth rate

question

problem child

answer

in the portfolio matrix, a business unit that shows rapid growth but poor profit margins

question

product development

answer

a marketing strategy that entails the creation of new products for present markets

question

strategic business unit

answer

strategic business unit, a subgroup of a single business or collection of related businesses within the larger organization

question

strategic planning

answer

The process of developing and maintaining a strategic fit between the organization's goals and capabilities and its changing marketing opportunities

question

sustainable competitive advantage

answer

an advantage that cannot be copied by the competition

question

SWOT analysis

answer

A comparison of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that helps executives formulate strategy.

question

code of ethics

answer

Principles of conduct within an organization that guide decision making and behavior.

question

corporate social responsibility

answer

business's concern for society's welfare

question

foreign corrupt practices act

answer

U.S. law regulating behavior regarding the conduct of international business in the taking of bribes and other unethical actions.

question

green marketing

answer

marketing efforts to produce, promote, and reclaim environmentally sensitive products

question

pyramid of corporate social responsibility

answer

a model that suggests corporate social responsibility is composed of economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic responsibilities and that the firm's economic performance supports the entire structure

question

cause related marketing

answer

Commercial activity in which businesses and charities form a partnership to market an image, a product, or a service for their mutual benefit; a type of promotional campaign

question

applied research

answer

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

question

basic research

answer

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base

question

component lifestyle

answer

the practice of choosing goods and services that meet one's diverse needs and interests rather than conforming to a single, traditional lifestyle

question

consumer product safety

answer

The Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) researches product safety, maintains a clearinghouse of information on the risks associated with various products, sets standards for product safety, and may ban the manufacture and sale of products it deems to be unduly hazardous to consumers

question

marketing demography

answer

the use of demographic information to help a company properly segment and target the market for products.

question

environmental management

answer

When a company implements strategies that attempt to shape the external environment within which it operates

question

generation x

answer

the generation following the baby boom (especially Americans and Canadians born in the 1960s and 1970s)

question

generation y

answer

People born between 1979 and 1994

question

inflation

answer

an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy

question

purchasing power

answer

the ability to purchase goods and services, a comparison of income versus the relative cost of a set standard of goods and services in different geographic areas

question

recession

answer

An economic slowdown of the economy which results in rising unemployment, increased business failures, declining economic growth and higher personal bankruptcies.

question

target market

answer

a specific group of consumers that have similar wants and needs

question

buyer for export

answer

An intermediary in the global market that assumes all ownership risks and sells globally for its own account

question

capital intensive

answer

using more capital than labor in the production process

question

CAFTA

answer

Central American Free Trade Agreement

question

contract manufacturing

answer

private-label manufacturing by a foreign company

question

countertrade

answer

the practice of using barter rather than money for making global sales

question

direct foreign investment

answer

a method of investment in which a company builds a new business or buys an existing business in a foreign country

question

dumping

answer

Selling goods abroad at a price below that charged in the domestic market

question

export agent

answer

An intermediary that acts like a manufacturer's agent for the exporter; the export agent lives in the foreign market

question

export broker

answer

An intermediary who plays the traditional broker's role by bringing buyer and seller together

question

GATT

answer

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

question

global marketing standardization

answer

Production of uniform products that can be sold the same way all over the world

question

global marketing

answer

Marketing that targets markets throughout the world

question

group of twenty

answer

a forum for international economic development that promotes discussion between industrial and emerging-market countries on key issues related to global economic stability

question

international monetary fund

answer

a United Nations agency to promote trade by increasing the exchange stability of the major currencies

question

job outsourcing

answer

sending U.S. jobs abroad

question

joint venture

answer

an agreement between two or more companies to share a business project

question

mercosur

answer

The largest latin american trade agreement; includes Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay

question

multinational corporation

answer

An organization that manufactures and markets products in many different countries and has multinational stock ownership and multinational management

question

NAFTA

answer

North American Free Trade Agreement

question

uruguay round

answer

an agreement to dramatically lower trade barriers worldwide; created the World Trade Organization

question

world bank

answer

a United Nations agency created to assist developing nations by loans guaranteed by member governments

question

WTO

answer

World Trade Organization

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