question

The creation of the Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) and the passage of the Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) showed that a. laissez-faire capitalism would be upheld by the Federal Government b. the Federal Government could not challenge state regulation of business c. Federal civil servants would be hired based on merit rather than political patronage d. the Federal Government could regulate business practices

answer

d. the Federal Government could regulate business practices

question

Reformers of the early 20th century frequently attacked political machines because the politicians in these organizations often a. denied voting rights to the poor b. accepted bribes in return for favors c. wasted money on military spending d. discriminated against migrant workers

answer

b. accepted bribes in return for favors

question

A vote-gathering organization of politicians who loyally support a party boss and get the votes in their neighborhoods to support their party's candidates by fulfilling needs and providing services to constituents. Political machines provided services that fast-growing city governments were not yet capable of providing.

answer

political machine

question

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs

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Laissez faire

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Former independent agency of the U.S. government, established in 1887; it was charged with regulating the economics and services of specified carriers engaged in transportation between states. Surface transportation under the it's jurisdiction included railroads, trucking companies, bus lines, freight forwarders, water carriers, oil pipelines, transportation brokers, and express agencies.

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Interstate Commerce Commission (1887)

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1890 law banning any trust that restrained interstate trade or commerce

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Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)

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A monopoly that controls goods and services, often in combinations that reduce competition.

answer

Trust

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What did the growth of big business in the late 1800s result in? a. a reduction in child labor b. the elimination of the middle class c. the widening of the economic gap between rich and poor d. a shift in transportation investment from railroads to canals

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c. the widening of the economic gap between rich and poor

question

Why were business leaders John D. Rockefeller, J. P. Morgan, and Cornelius Vanderbilt referred to as robber barons? a. They bought titles of nobility from foreign governments. b. They were ruthless in dealing with competitors. c. They stole money from state and local governments. d. They gained all of their wealth by illegal means.

answer

b. They were ruthless in dealing with competitors.

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Negative term used to describe large businessmen of the late 1800's because of the fact that they used ruthless practices to destroy competition and took advantage of workers.

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robber baron

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Which city is correctly paired with the geographic feature that most directly affected its growth? a. New Orleans — Pacific Ocean b. New York City — Chesapeake Bay c. Chicago — Great Lakes d. Los Angeles — Appalachian Mountains

answer

c. Chicago — Great Lakes

question

During the 19th century, the completion of the Erie Canal and the transcontinental railroads contributed to the industrial growth of the United States by a. making the movement of goods easier and cheaper b. protecting the United States from low-priced foreign imports c. encouraging subsistence farming d. connecting the United States to markets in Mexico and Canada

answer

a. making the movement of goods easier and cheaper

question

A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825. The canal, considered a marvel of the modern world at the time, allowed western farmers to ship surplus crops to sell in the North and allowed northern manufacturers to ship finished goods to sell in the West.

answer

Erie Canal

question

A railroad system that connected the two coastlines of the U.S. - completed in 1869 it increased westward expansion.

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Transcontinental Railroad

question

Which economic policy argues that government should limit, as much as possible, any interference in the economy? a. socialism b. laissez-faire c. mercantilism d. protectionism

answer

b. laissez-faire

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The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion and laissez-faire capitalism.

answer

Social Darwinism

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During the second half of the 19th century, government commitment to the principles of laissez-faire capitalism contributed to a. healthy and positive competition between businesses b. the growth of small business firms c. friendly working relationships between labor and management d. economic domination by business trusts

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d. economic domination by business trusts

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In the United States, which development was a result of the other three? a. unsanitary working conditions in factories b. unequal distribution of profits between management and workers c. formation of labor unions d. 12-hour workday

answer

c. formation of labor unions

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An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

answer

labor union

question

A basic economic goal of labor unions of the late 19th-century was to achieve a. government ownership of industry b. a shorter workday and higher wages c. increased fringe benefits and medical coverage d. equal pay for equal work

answer

b. a shorter workday and higher wages

question

During the late 19th century, which practices were used by employers against workers? a. boycotts and lockouts b. picketing and walkouts c. blacklists and yellow-dog contracts d. mass rallies and sit-down strikes

answer

c. blacklists and yellow-dog contracts

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A list circulated among employers containing the names of persons who should not be hired

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blacklist

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A written contract between employers and employees in which the employees sign an agreement that they will not join a union while working for the company.

answer

yellow-dog contracts

question

A refusal to buy or use goods and services.

answer

boycott

question

When management closes the doors to the place of work and keeps the workers from entering until an agreement is reached

answer

lockout

question

A way of informing the public about worker grievances; workers carry signs explaining why their employer is unfair or why they are on strike

answer

picketing

question

collectively leaving the workplace as an act of protest

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walkouts

question

An organized work stoppage intended to force an employer to address union demands.

answer

strike

question

During the late 1800s, a major reason labor unions had difficulty achieving their goals was that a. government supported business over labor b. industrialization created better working conditions c. there was a shortage of new workers d. businesses promoted labor officials to management positions

answer

a. government supported business over labor

question

Which major population shift in the late 1800s occurred as a result of industrialization? a. northerners to the Sun Belt b. rural residents to urban areas c. working class people from the cities to the suburbs d. African Americans from the North to the South

answer

b. rural residents to urban areas

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relating to farm areas and life in the country

answer

rural

question

relating to cities

answer

urban

question

Which factor contributed the most to urbanization in the late 1800s? a. assimilation b. industrialization c. imperialism d. nullification

answer

b. industrialization

question

Changes in the economy to production using machine power in factories located in cities. Resulted in a movement of people to the cities to take jobs in industries.

answer

industrialization

question

The process by which a minority group abandons its own culture and adopts the cultural practices of the dominant group in society

answer

assimilation

question

Why did political machines flourish in United States cities at the turn of the century? a. the machines maintained high standards of honesty in government b. Americans were too preoccupied with foreign affairs to deal with domestic political affairs c. reform movements concentrated on social problems and ignored political issues d. the machines provided jobs and services to the immigrants and the poor

answer

d. the machines provided jobs and services to the immigrants and the poor

question

Which development led to the other three? a. growth of tenements and slums b. shift from a rural to an urban lifestyle c. rapid industrial growth d. widespread use of child labor

answer

c. rapid industrial growth

question

The Gentlemen's Agreement, literacy tests, and the quota system were all attempts by Congress to restrict a. immigration b. property ownership c. voting rights d. access to public education

answer

a. immigration

question

1907, this was an agreement between USA and Japan which determined that Japan would prevent its citizens from leaving for the US in return for the desegregation (between Japanese and Whites) of public schools in San Francisco

answer

Gentlemen's Agreement

question

Limited immigration into the United States by turning away immigrants who couldn't read or write English.

answer

literacy tests

question

A system that sets limits on how many immigrants from various countries the United States will admit each year.

answer

quota system

question

A metaphor for the absorption and assimilation of immigrants into the mainstream of society so that ethnic differences vanish

answer

melting pot

question

Which expression most accurately illustrates the concept of nativism? a. "Help Wanted - Irish Need Not Apply" b. "Go West, young man." c. "America - first in war and peace" d. "The only thing we have to fear, is fear itself " .

answer

a. "Help Wanted - Irish Need Not Apply"

question

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics

answer

nativism

question

- Settlement of the Great Plains - Creation of standard time zones - Establishment of the first federal regulatory agency - Introduction of new methods of business management and finance These developments in the late 19th century show the importance of a. railroads on the development of the United States b. agrarian reformers in western states c. the labor union movement on the nation d. the oil industry in increasing American power in the world

answer

a. railroads on the development of the United States

question

The Erie Canal contributed to the development of the United States by a. eliminating the need for railroads b. linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast c. becoming the major trade route to California d. allowing southern planters to ship their cotton westward

answer

b. linking the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Coast

question

Which geographic feature connected the iron ore fields of the upper Midwest to major steel centers? a. Great Lakes b. Gulf of Mexico c. Hudson River d. Tennessee River valley

answer

a. Great Lakes

question

In the late 1800s, which factor directly contributed to the growth of the steel industry? a. government regulation of the industry b. employee ownership of the industry c. new production techniques that increased efficiency d. court decisions that allowed collective bargaining

answer

c. new production techniques that increased efficiency

question

A form of iron that is both durable and flexible. It was first mass-produced in the 1860s and quickly became the most widely used metal in construction, machinery, and railroad equipment.

answer

Steel

question

During the late 1800s, major improvements to a nationwide system of trade were made with the a. construction of a network of canals b. use of steamboats on rivers c. completion of transcontinental railroads d. construction of toll road

answer

c. completion of transcontinental railroads

question

What was an immediate effect of the completion of the Erie Canal in 1825? a. Prices increased for food products along the Atlantic Coast. b. Farmers could more easily ship grain to eastern markets. c. A territorial conflict began with Canada over the Great Lakes. d. Railroads were forced to reduce their shipping rates.

answer

b. Farmers could more easily ship grain to eastern markets.

question

In which pair of events did the first event most directly influence the second? a. discovery of gold in California → Louisiana Purchase b. building of the transcontinental railroad → disappearance of the frontier c. settling of the Oregon Territory → passage of the Homestead Act d. assimilation of Native American Indians into American society → passage of the Dawes Act

answer

b. building of the transcontinental railroad → disappearance of the frontier

question

Which factor was most critical to the building of transcontinental railroads after the Civil War? a. government ownership of the railroads b. capital investments by labor unions c. money provided by the Federal Government d. willingness of Native American Indians to leave tribal lands

answer

c. money provided by the Federal Government

question

In the period from 1860 to 1900, the Federal Government encouraged the settlement of the West by a. passing an increased number of liberal immigration laws b. selling the most fertile public land to Native American Indians c. providing free transportation to settlers moving to the frontier d. granting tracts of land to railroad companies to encourage construction

answer

d. granting tracts of land to railroad companies to encourage construction

question

Which two developments following the Civil War most helped open the American West? a. the building of the Erie Canal and the purchase of the Louisiana Territory b. the discovery of gold in California and the construction of the Panama Canal c. the annexation of Texas and the invention of the cotton gin d. the implementation of the Homestead Act and the completion of the transcontinental railroad

answer

d. the implementation of the Homestead Act and the completion of the transcontinental railroad

question

1862 - Provided free land in the West to anyone willing to settle there and develop it. Encouraged westward migration.

answer

Homestead Act

question

The passage of the Homestead Act and the completion of the transcontinental railroad helped to fulfill the United States commitment to a. Reconstruction b. racial equality c. manifest destiny d. conservation of natural resources

answer

c. manifest destiny

question

A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.

answer

manifest destiny

question

changed the reservation system by granting 160 acres and US Citizenship to native American heads of families to give up their tribal allegiance; purpose was to encourage assimilation of Native Americans

answer

Dawes Act (1887)

question

During the late 1800s, many North American Indian tribes were sent to reservations that were located a. along the major rivers and lakes of the Midwest b. near large cities in the Northwest c. in sparsely populated regions of the West d. east of the Mississippi River

answer

c. in sparsely populated regions of the West

question

areas of federal land set aside for American Indians, usually of poor quality

answer

reservations

question

The Homestead Act, the mass killing of buffalo, and the completion of the transcontinental railroad are most closely associated with the a. rise of organized labor b. building of the Erie Canal c. northern migration of African Americans d. decline of the Plains Indians

answer

d. decline of the Plains Indians

question

What was a major goal of the Dawes Act (1887)? a. to provide a tribal legislature to govern all reservations b. to remove the Cherokees from the southeastern United States c. to strengthen Native American Indian tribal unity d. to encourage assimilation of Native American Indians

answer

d. to encourage assimilation of Native American Indians

question

What was the forced march of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma under Andrew Jackson often called? a. the Exile of the Cherokee b. Little Big Horn c. the Seminole War d. the Trail of Tears

answer

d. the Trail of Tears

question

(1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people

answer

Trail of Tears

question

The Indian Wars that occurred between 1860 and 1890 were mainly the result of a. disputes over the spread of slavery b. conflict with Mexico over Texas and California c. the search for gold in California d. the movement of settlers onto the Great Plains

answer

d. the movement of settlers onto the Great Plains

question

Ranged from colonial times to the Wounded Knee massacre and "closing" of the American frontier in 1890, generally resulted in the conquest of American Indians and their assimilation or forced relocation to Indian reservations.

answer

Indian Wars

question

In the 1870s, the Granger movement was organized to promote the interests of a. suffragists b. farmers c. factory workers d. recent immigrants

answer

b. farmers

question

Social and educational organization through which farmers attempted to combat the power of the railroads in the late 19th century.

answer

Grange

question

) During the 1890s, many American farmers tried to resolve their economic problems by a. joining the Populist Party b. staging violent protests against the government c. supporting government aid to railroads d. asking Congress to end agricultural subsidies

answer

a. joining the Populist Party

question

U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies

answer

Populist Party

question

What was the major problem facing American farmers during the 1920s? a. shortage of fertile land b. overproduction of crops c. low prices of imported farm products d. limited labor supply

answer

b. overproduction of crops

question

During the late 1800s, many United States farmers believed their economic problems would be solved if the federal government would a. raise interest rates b. outlaw strikes by labor unions c. put more money into circulation d. regulate the amount of grain that was produced

answer

c. put more money into circulation

question

Which statement about the development of the Great Plains in the late 1800s is most accurate? a. Great profits could be earned in the steel industry. b. Railroads decreased in importance throughout the region. c. Immigrants could no longer afford to become farmers. d. Mechanized farming became dominant in the region.

answer

d. Mechanized farming became dominant in the region.

question

In the late 1800s, free and unlimited coinage of silver was supported by farmers primarily because they hoped this policy would a. make foreign crop prices less competitive b. allow farmers to grow a greater variety of crops c. increase crop prices and make it easier to repay loans d. bring about political equality between rural and urban residents

answer

c. increase crop prices and make it easier to repay loans

question

The relatively flat, grassy region of the United States between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains is known as the a. Great Plains b. Great Basin c. Coastal Plain d. Piedmont

answer

a. Great Plains

question

The national income tax, free and unlimited coinage of silver, and the direct election of senators were proposals that were included in the a. Declaration of Sentiments b. Republican plan for Reconstruction c. Populist Party platform d. Federal Reserve System

answer

c. Populist Party platform

question

The changes in American agriculture during the late 1800s led farmers to a. grow fewer cash crops for export b. request an end to agricultural tariffs c. demand a reduced role for government in agriculture d. become more dependent on banks and railroads

answer

become more dependent on banks and railroads

question

The success of the Populist Party of the 1890s can best be measured by which development? a. The party replaced one of the two major parties. b. The party gained support among business leaders. c. Two of the party's candidates were elected to the presidency. d. Several of the party's proposed reforms were made into laws.

answer

d. Several of the party's proposed reforms were made into laws.

question

In the late 1800s, the Granger movement tried to improve conditions for farmers by a. lowering the rate of inflation b. strengthening the gold standard c. forcing railroads to lower their rates d. making labor unions stronger

answer

c. forcing railroads to lower their rates

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