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Acid

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Any substance whose aqueous solutions are characterized by a sour taste, the ability to turn blue litmus red, and the ability to react with bases and certain metals to form salts. pH less than 7 in its standard state.

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Caustic

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Capable of burning, corroding, dissolving, or eating away by chemical action. pH greater than 7 in its standard state

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Air Reactivity

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Materials that can react or ignite if they are exposed to air.

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Auto-refrigeration

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A phenomenon that occurs during the rapid release (boiling) of a liquefied gas that causes it to temporarily remain in a liquid state through rapid cooling.

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Biological Agents

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Producing disease through living microorganisms that can mutate and become toxins. (Incorrect definition, firefighters...)

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Biological Toxins

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Can be small molecules, peptides or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissue.

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Blood Agents

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A chemical compound, including the cyanide group, that affects bodily functions by preventing the normal utilization of oxygen by body tissues.

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Boiling Point

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Temperature at which the transition from a liquid to a gas state occurs. At this temperature, the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure so that the liquid rapidly becomes a vapor.

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Catalyst

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A substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected.

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Chemical Change

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Changes that take place on the molecular level and produces a new substance.

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Chemical Interactions

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Caused when two or more chemicals or the chemical and its container are incompatible.

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Compound Mixture

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Separate elements that bond together to form compound mixture. They have the tendency to break down into their component parts, sometimes in an explosive manner.

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Concentration

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When dealing with corrosives, the amount of acid or base is compared to the amount of water present.

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Critical Temperature

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The minimum temperature at which a gas can be liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied. A gas cannot be liquefied above its critical temperature.

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Critical Pressure

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The pressure that must be applied to bring a gas to its liquid state.

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Dissociation

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The separation of a substance into two or more simpler substances, or of a molecule into atoms or ions, bu the action of heat or a chemical process. Is usually reversible.

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Corrosivity

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The measure of a substance's tendency to deteriorate in the presence of another substance or in a particular environment.

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Dose

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the concentration or amount of material to which the body is exposed over a specific time period.

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Dose Response

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The biological reaction caused by the dose in the body. The degree of harm is directly related to the dose (time and amount) and it's impact on bodily functions.

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Expansion Ratio

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The amount of gas produced by a given volume of liquid at a given temperature.

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Flash Point

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The minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air and will not continue to burn.

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Fire Point

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The temperature at which enough vapors are given off to support continuous burning.

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Flammable (Explosive) Range

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The difference between the upper and lower flammable limits.

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Lower Explosive Limit (LEL)

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Is the minimum concentration of vapor to air below which a flame will not propagate in the presence of an ignition source and is referred to as being "too lean to burn".

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Upper Explosive Limit (UEL)

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Is the maximum vapor to air concentration above which a flame will not propagate in the presence of an ignition source and is referred to as being "too rich to burn".

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Half-Life

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The period of time it takes for a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half.

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Halogenated Hydrocarbons

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Are often more toxic than naturally occurring organic chemicals. Decomposes into smaller, more harmful element when exposed to high temperatures for long periods of time.

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Inhibitor

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Added to products to control their chemical reaction with other products. If it is not added or escapes during an incident, the material will begin to polymerize, which creates a very dangerous situation.

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Ignition (Auto-Ignition) Temperature

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The temperature at which a material (solid, liquid or gas) will self-ignite and sustain combustion in air without an external spark or flame.

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Instability

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Materials that decompose spontaneously, polymerize, or otherwise self-react and are generally considered unstable.

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Ionic and Covalent Compounds

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Materials made through the sharing or transfer of electrons.

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Irritants (Riot Control Agents)

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Cause respiratory distress and copious tearing that incapacitate a victim.

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Maximum Safe Storage Temperature (MSST)

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The maximum temperature that an organic peroxide may be stored safely.

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Melting Point

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The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid, allowing it to spread more readily.

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Freezing Point

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The temperature at which a liquid converts to a solid.

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Miscibility

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Refers to the tendency or ability of two or more liquids to form a uniform blend, or to dissolve in each other; is complete solubility; generally seen in liquids.

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Nerve Agents

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Substances that interfere with the central nervous system.

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Organic

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Pertaining to a class of chemical compounds that formerly comprised only those existing in or derived from plants or animals, but that now includes all other compounds of carbon.

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Inorganic

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Composed of matter that is not animal or vegetable; not having the organized structure of living things; lacks carbon chains.

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Oxidation Potential

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The combining of anything with oxygen or the propensity to yield oxygen which will present a greater hazard.

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Persistence

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Refers to a chemical's ability to remain in the environment.

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pH

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The numerical measure of a solution's hydrogen ion concentration as related to acidity or alkalinity.

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Physical Change

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The process when objects undergo a change that does not change their chemical properties.

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Physical State (Solid, Liquid, Gas)

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The characteristic form of a material at ambient temperature.

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Polymerization

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Any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer.

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Radioactivity

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Spontaneous emission of ionizing radiation as a consequence of a nuclear reaction, or directly from the breakdown of an unstable nucleus.

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Alpha

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Positively charged particle emitted by some radioactive materials and is not considered dangerous unless ingested.

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Beta

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Can damage skin tissue, and they can damage internal organs if they enter the body. Full protective clothing, including positive pressure SCBA will protect against this type of radiation.

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Gamma

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Causes skin burns and can severely injure internal organs; therefore, protective clothing is inadequate in preventing this radiation from harming the body.

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Reactivity

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A substance's propensity to release energy or undergo change. For example, self-reactions, polymerization, or violent reaction.

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Water reactivity

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Describes the sensitivity of a material to water without the addition of heat or confinement.

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Riot Control Agents (a.k.a. Tear Gas)

answer

Chemical compounds that temporarily make people unable to function by causing irritation to the eyes, mouth, throat, lungs and skin.

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Saturated Hydrocarbons

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hydrocarbons that contain only single bonds. Also called alkanes or paraffin hydrocarbons.

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Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

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Materials that have at lease one multiple bond between two carbon atoms somewhere in the molecule, which causes them to be more hazardous. Those with at least one double bond are alkenes, and with at lease one triple bond are alkynes.

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Aromatic Hydrocarbons

answer

Materials that contain the benzene "ring" which is formed by six carbon atoms and contains double bonds. Its greatest hazard is toxicity.

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Self-accelerating decomposition temperature

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When this temperature is reached by some portion of the mass of the organic peroxide irreversible decomposition will begin. This reaction can be violent, usually rupturing the vessel or container dispersing peroxide, liquid and gaseous decomposition products considerable distances.

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Solubility

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The ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure. The ability of a substance to form a solution with water can be important when determining control methods.

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Solution

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Mixture in which all the ingredients are completely dissolved.

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Slurry

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Pourable mixture of a solid and a liquid.

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Specific Gravity

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The weight of a solid or liquid compared to an equal volume of water.

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Strength

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The concentration of a solution. In corrosives, refers to the degree of ionization of an acid or a base in water.

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Sublimation

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The ability of a substance to change from the solid to the vapor phase without passing through the liquid phase.

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Temperature of Product

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Influences the hazards present and the measures taken to control an incident that involves that product.

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Toxic Products of Combustion

answer

Byproducts of the combustion process that are harmful to humans. Some materials generate more highly toxic gases than others do, therefore appropriate levels of protective clothing and equipment must be used to counter them.

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Vapor Density

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The weight of a vapor compared to air.

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Vesicants (Blister Agents)

answer

These agents are extremely toxic with symptoms of exposure not appearing for minutes, hours and days.

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Vapor Pressure

answer

The force exerted by the gas of vapor released by a liquid or solid substance in a closed container or space.

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Viscosity

answer

The measure of the thickness of a liquid, determines how easily flows. During an incident, this will affect the flow away from a leaking container, expanding the endangered area.

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Volatility

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Ease with which a liquid or solid can pass into the vapor state. During an incident, this will affect the dispersment in air and expand the endangered area.

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Counts Per Minute (cpm) / Kilocounts Per Minute (kcpm)

answer

Measurements of radioactivity. The number of atoms in a given quantity of radioactive material that are detected to have decayed in one minute.

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Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Value

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The maximum level to which a healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes and escape without suffering irreversible health effects or impairment.

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Incubation Period

answer

The latency between exposure to a pathogen and onset of symptoms.

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Infectious Dose

answer

The amount of a pathogen necessary to manifest it's pathogenicity. It is dependent on pathogenic variables as well as host variables such as health, gender, predisposition and several others.

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Lethal Concentration (LC50)

answer

The amount of a material in air that, on the basis of laboratory tests (inhalation route), is expected to kill 50 percent of a group of test animals when administered in a specific time period.

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Lethal Dose (LD50)

answer

Causes the death of 50 percent of a group of test animals exposed to it by any route other than inhalation.

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Parts Per Million (ppm)

answer

The ratio of the amount of one substance to the amount of another, expressed as a unit of solute dissolved in one million units of solution. It denotes the number of units of one substance relative to one million units of another substance.

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Parts Per Billion (ppb)

answer

Denotes the number of units of one substance relative to one billion units of another substance.

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Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL)

answer

(OSHA) The regulatory limits on the amount or concentration of a substance in the air. The time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect.

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Radiation Absorbed Dose (rad)

answer

Equals the energy absorption of 100 ergs per gram of irradiated material. Largely obsolete unit of absorbed radiation dose, equal to 1 centigray. now superseded in the SI by the gray; 1 is equal to 10 milligray, and 100 are equal to 1 Gy.

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Roentgen Equivalent Man (rem)

answer

International unit of the intensity of x-rays and gamma rays. The absorbed dose of ionizing radiation that produces the same biological effect as 1 rad of x-rays or gamma rays. Describes the biological damage done by the absorbed dose of radiation. Reflects both the dose rate and potential harm to the body.

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Threshold Limit Value Ceiling (TLV-C)

answer

The maximum concentration to which a healthy adult can be exposed without risk of injury, and the exposure to higher concentrations should not occur.

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Threshold Limit Value Short-Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)

answer

The maximum average concentration, averaged over a 15 minute period, to which healthy adults can be safely exposed to for up to 15 minutes continuously. Exposure should not occur more than four times a day with at least 1 hour in between exposures.

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Threshold Limit Value Time Weighted Average (TLV-TWA)

answer

The maximum concentration, averaged over 8 hours, to which a healthy adult can be repeatedly exposed to for 8 hours a day, 40 hours per week.

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Cryogenic Liquid Tank Car

answer

Class 2.2 <25psi Tank within a tank, for refrigerated liquids -150°F and below. Has ground level cabinets for vents and valves.

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Nonpressure Tank Car

answer

Class 3,4,5,6,8,9 60-100 psi 4,000-45,000 gal Fittings and valves visible on top, some had expansion domes

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Pneumatically-unloaded Hopper Car

answer

Class 4,5,6,8,9 20-80 psi

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Pressure Tank Car

answer

Class 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3 100-600 psi 4,000-45,000 gal Cylindrical with rounded ends. Fittings and valves enclosed in dome on top.

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IM-101/IMO Type 1

answer

Class 3,4,5,6,8 25.4-100 psi 6,300 gal

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IM-102/IMO Type 2

answer

Class 3,6,8 14.5-24.5 psi 6,300 gal

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DOT Spec 51/IMO Type 5

answer

Class 2,3 100-500 psi 5,500 gal Can have appearance of a large propane tank.

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IMO Type 7

answer

Class 2.2 <25 psi 4,500-5,000 gal Tank within a tank, for refrigerated liquids -150°F and below. Has cabinets for vents and valves.

question

Tube Module

answer

Class 2 3,000-5,000 psi Uses cascade connecting system

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Dry Bulk Cargo Tank

answer

Class 5.1, 8, 9 <80 psi 1,500 cubic feet Dry bulk pneumatic unloaded hopper

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DOT/TC 406 (Nonpressure Cargo Tank)

answer

Class 3 2.65-5 psi 10,000 gal

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DOT/TC 407

answer

Low Pressure Cargo Tank Class 3.1, 3.2, 6.1, 8 18-40 psi 5,000-8,000 gal Horseshoe, or round w/ ribs Self closing internal emergency shut-off valve

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DOT/TC 412 (Corrosive Liquid Cargo Tank)

answer

Class 8 35-50 psi 3,300-6,500 gal Circular, with ribs showing. Overturn and splash protection Outlet at or near top of tank must have a shut-off valve as close to the tank as possible

question

MC/TC/SCT 331 (High Pressure Cargo Tank)

answer

Class 2.1,2.2,2.3 100-500 psi 2,500-11,000 gal Mechanical and thermal remote closures, one at front and one at rear. Must have safety release valves.

question

Compressed Gas Tube Trailer

answer

Class 2.1,2.2,2.3 3,000-5,000 psi Uses cascade connecting system w/ manifold at the rear

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MC/TC/SCT 338 (Cryogenic Liquid Tank Car)

answer

Class 2.2 <25psi Tank within a tank, for refrigerated liquids -150°F and below. Has ground level cabinets for vents and valves.

question

Cone Roof Tank

answer

Non pressure fixed storage tank Flammable, combustible and corrosive liquids <0.5 psi

question

Open Floating Roof Tank with Geodesic Dome

answer

Store flammable liquids

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Open Floating Roof Tank

answer

Stores flammable and combustible liquids Ladder on roof,

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Covered Floating Roof Tank

answer

Stores flammable and combustible liquids up to 1,000,000 gallons. Also known as an internal floating roof. Large vents found at the top of the tank shell

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Horizontal Tank

answer

Stores flammable and combustible liquids, corrosives, and poisons. May contain up to 20,000 gallons

question

Dome Roof Tank

answer

Stores flammable and combustible liquids, fertilizers and chemical solvents. Operating pressure of 2.5 to 15 psi. Roof will not always fail as designed.

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Underground Storage Tank

answer

Primarily for petroleum products. Made of steel, fiberglass, or steel with fiberglass coating. Any tank with greater than 10% surface are underground is considered and underground tank. Visible clues are vents, fill points, occupancy locations (fill stations).

question

Pressure Tanks

answer

Stores LP gases, anhydrous ammonia, vinyl chloride. Capacity vary, 1,000-30,000 gallons.

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Procedures for checking gas migration in pipelines

answer

SCADA, which monitors flow and pressure. Pipeline maps can greatly assist when checking for gas migration

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Procedures for shutting down/controlling leak in pipelines.

answer

Contact the company identified on the pipeline markers.

question

Bags

answer

Class 1,4,5,6,8,9 Up to 100 lbs Made of paper, cloth, burlap, plastic or a combination

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Carboys

answer

Class 6,8 Up to 20 gal Nonbulk to transport corrisive liquid

question

Cylinders

answer

Class 2 Nonbulk in a variety of sizes (up to 420 lbs)

question

Drums

answer

Nonbulk container for liquids and solids Normally 55 gal Comes in open head for solids, closed head with bungs for liquids.

question

Dewar Flask

answer

Nonbulk container for cryogenic liquids 1 - 1,000 L

question

Type A

answer

Higer radiation than in industrial or excepted packages. Non life-endangering amounts of radioactive material. Inner containment vessel of glass plastic or metal, packing material of vermeculite, rubber or an absorbant in a fberboard wood or metal outer container. Test: 2" rain, 4' free drop, equal weight stack 24hrs., drop 1/4 diameter 13.2lbs from 40"

question

Type B

answer

Higher radioactivity levels than those allowed in type A. Small drums (55gal) to heavily shielded casks. Test: 50' water immersion, 3' water immersion, 30' drop, 40" drop onto 6" diameter rod 8" long, 1475F for 30min, 1,100lbs mass from 30'.

question

Type C

answer

Packages not authorized for domestic use but are authorized for international shipments of radioactive material. Still under development. Test: 200mph impact onto unyielding target, 60min fire test, 650' immersion.

question

Industrial

answer

Intended for material having a low activity per unit mass (low specific activity), with a limited hazard to the public and the environment. Sturdy container (cardboard box, wooden crate). Has 3 categories; based on package strength IP-1 (same as excepted), IP-2 (must pass Type A design, drop and stacking) and IP-3 (must pass IP-2 + water spray and penetration).

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Excepted

answer

Packaging for extremely low levels of radioactivity. Must be able to sithstand normal transportation forces. An example would be smoke detectors.

question

Analysis Process for Identifying unknown Solid and liquid materials

answer

Radioactivity Combustibility Oxygen pH Hydrogen Sulfide Carbon Monoxide Organic Vapors

question

Corrosivity pH monitoring technology

answer

Litmus dye, pH paper, pH meters

question

Flammability monitoring technology

answer

CGI, mullti-gas monitors, PID, FID

question

Oxidation potential monitoring technology

answer

oxygen meters and photoionization detectors

question

Oxygen deficiency monitoring technology

answer

Oxygen meters and photoionizations detectors

question

Pathogenicity monitoring technology

answer

Biological immunoassay indicators, DNA fluoroscopy, PCR, hand held assays

question

Radioactivity monitoring technology

answer

AN/VDR-2, Geiger Counter, AN/PDR-75, Dosimeter (TLD, UDR-13)

question

Toxic levels monitoring technology

answer

photoionization detectors, FID, Infrared spectrophotometers, detector tubes.

question

Biological Immunoassay indicators

answer

Tests for anthrax, ricin, botulinum, plague, tularemia, brucella, orthopox. Quick accurate tests that can be used on-site and in the lab. False negatives or false positives are possible, porous surfaces could hinder the effectiveness.

question

ICAM

answer

Ues ion mobility spectrometry technology to detect and discriminate between mustard and nerve agent. May give false readings in enclosed spaces or when sampling near strong vapor sources such as dense smoke, aromatic vapors, cleaning compounds, exhausts from rocket motors, and fumes from some munitions. Subject to saturation. Sensitive to high and low temperatures.

question

colormetric detector tubes

answer

detects specific gases and vapors. Will not provide specific quantitative results. not able to interchange between different manufacturers tubes. Similar materials may give false positve readings.

question

pH meters

answer

Measures acidity or alkalinity of corrosive materials. Probes must be thoroughly rinsed with distilled water before and after each calibration and use. Close proximity to the material.

question

pH paper/strips

answer

Chemical reactions cchanges the color of thee detector. False positives are possible. Must have accurate color perception.

question

Reagents

answer

A substance or solution combined with a material causing a chemical reaction. Only for specific chemical and biological materials.

question

Test Strips

answer

Tests for chemical agents. Instantly detects common chemical agents in the atmosphere or surface. Reading need to be verified by another instrument.

question

CGI

answer

Measures the relative flammability of gases and determines the percent of the LEL.

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