Combo with Psychological Disorders and 1 other – Flashcards
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Abnormality
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behavior not found in the majority of the population
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Four general abnormality criteria
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Deviance, Distress, Dysfunction, Danger
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DSM
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diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders
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Panic Disorder
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recurrent anxiety attacks (4x month). cued attack v. uncured attack
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OCD
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persistent thoughts and irresistible impulses/rituals
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Phobias
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intense, irrational fears
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Mood Disorders
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characterized by disruptive disturbances in mood and emotional state (Euphoria--------Dysphoria)
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Unipolar Type
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fixation at one end of the emotional spectrum
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Bipolar Type
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fluctuation between two emotional poles
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Major Depressive Disorder
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the "common cold" of mental illness. Affects 13-20% of the population, 2x more common in females
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Symptoms of MDD
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emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, somatic
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Dysthymic Disorder
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persistent dysphoric mood, but with fewer and less severe symptoms. reactive/seasonal depression: temporary states
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Bipolar Disorder
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extreme mood swings; manic episodes followed by depressive "crash"
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Manic Periods of Bipolar Disorder
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extreme elation and excitement, impulsive behavior, flight of ideas, hyperactivity
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Cyclothymic Disorder
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less severe form of bipolar
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Suicide Stats
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30,000 yearly; 600,000 attempts yearly, 2/3 of completes are males; 3/4 of attempters are females; males use violent means; highest rate among older, white males
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Suicide Warning Signs
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suicidal talk, prior attempts, depression/emotional problems, substance abuse, loneliness, series of stressful events, prolonged illness, economic/work issues, relationship problems
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Reasons for suicide
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young people: self-blame, hostility, relationship problems; Middle Age: unable to cope w/ stress and responsibility; Elderly: illness, disability, loneliness
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Suicide Intervention
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establish a positive relationship, clarify the problem, assess suicide potential, mobilize the person's resources, formulate a plan, follow up
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Schizophrenia
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a deterioration of functioning characterized by severe distortions of thought, perception and mood, by bizarre behavior, and by social withdrawal
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Schizophrenia Symptoms
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delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, disorganized or cationic behavior, negative symptoms (reduced functioning)
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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multiple personality disorder- two or more distinct personalities in one body
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Alters
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sub-personalities
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host
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core personality
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5 most commonly seen alters
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children, protectors, expressers of forbidden impulses, loved ones, avengers of past abuses
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Biological Therapies
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treatment involves something done to the person physically
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Intra-Psychic Therapies
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treatment focused on psychological interventions
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Social/Behavioral Therapies
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Treatment focused on changing behavior and/or environmental conditions
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Informed Consent
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Client is informed of all potential risks and benefits
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Confidentiality
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information is privileged communication unless there is either abuse to children, elderly or handicapped, or potential danger to client or others
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Insanity Defense
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stems from M'naghten Rule; 2 parts of current rule a) they don't understand criminality of action b)they can't conform or control their behavior to the law
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Electro-Convulsive Therapy (ECT)
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shock treatment; now used to treat depression (biological)
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Psychosurgery
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not just lobotomy; includes any kind of corrective surgery on the brain (biological)
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Psychotropic Drugs
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fix chemical imbalances. anti anxiety, antidepressant, antipsychotic (biological)
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Intra-Psychic Therapies (types)
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Past-Focused: uncovering past problems and resolving conflicts (psychoanalysis); Future-Focused: help person reach goals and achieve aspirations (Humanistic). Cognitive: correct the way a person thinks and responds (cognitive therapies)
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Group Therapy
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social support and beneficial interaction (social/behavioral)
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Behavior Modification
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token economy, systematic desensitization, flooding, modeling, aversion therapy
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Personality
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our unique way of thinking, feeling, and behaving
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Psychoanalytic Theories
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Personality is shaped by instinctive and unconscious influences
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Trait Theories
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Personality is made-up of a set of enduring characteristics
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Humanistic Theories
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Personality develops from free-will and drive toward growth
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Social/Behavioral Theories
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Personality is shaped by environmental eperiences/influences
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Sigmund Freud-Three levels to the mind
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conscious, preconscious and unconscious. Believed that physical symptoms could have an unconscious psychological origin
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Catharsis
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release of bottled up emotions
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Free Association
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talking about whatever comes to mind
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Dream Analysis
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window to unconscious
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3 Aspects of an Individual
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ID (pleasure seeker), Super Ego (rule oriented), and Ego (balance of the two)
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Defense Mechanisms
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reduce anxiety by distorting reality
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Defense Mechanisms (examples)
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repression, rationalization, projection, reaction formation, denial, displacement, regression
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Carl Jung
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believed humans have an individual unconscious and a shared COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS: basic human software
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Alfred Adler:
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believed the source of human striving was to compensate for feelings of inferiority; proposed that birth order strongly influences personality
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Gordon Allport - traits
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personal characteristics that remain fairly consistent across situations
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Allport; common traits but in different amounts (traits)
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Theoretical, Economic, Social, Esthetic, Political, Religious
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Costa and McCrae's Big Five
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1. Extraversion; 2. Agreeableness; 3. Conscientiousness; 4. Neurotocism; 5. Openness
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Abraham Maslow
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humans are basically good, control own destiny. He focused on healthy people, tried to identify characteristics of a happy, fulfilled adult.
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Characteristics of Self-Actualizers
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acceptance of self, others, and the world; spontaneous and natural; non-conformists; problem focused, not self-focused; freshness of appreciation; care for others; gentle sense of humor; comfortable with solitude; peak experiences of joy
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Carl Rogers
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people are unhappy because they try to please others and adopt others values
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Rogers; Three ways to help people find personal values
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unconditional positive regard, non-directive approach, reflection of clients feelings
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B.F. Skinner
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Personality is behavior shaped by persons "history of reinforcement and punishment"; avoids mentalistic causes of behavior and explanatory fictions (suppose to explain, really don't; label)
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Albert Bandura
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personality is formed through social influence - observation and vicarious reinforcement
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Bandura; self-efficacy
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the belief that we can do something
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Projective Tests
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subjects respond to ambiguous stimuli into which they project feelings, attitudes, desires and needs
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Self-Report Test
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Myers-Briggs is a ____________
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Displacement
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directing unacceptable impulses at a less threatening target
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conscientiousness
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Of all the big five personality traits, _____ is probably the most important in health and longevity issues.
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Henry Murray
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Modern criminal profiling is based on the personological approach of _____.
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Personality varies considerably from one context to another.
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Walter Mischel's view of situationism states that _____.
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are more susceptible to negative moods
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According to Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory, individuals who are high on the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) ______.
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Dopamine
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The neurotransmitters that is associated with extraversion
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Projective
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The Rorschach inkblot test is a(n)_____ test of personality.
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The fundamental Attribution Error
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The tendency for observers to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of inner dispositions upon another's behavior.
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Cognitive Dissonance
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The tension that arises when people realize that their behavior is inconsistent with their attitudes.
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Positive Illusion
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Despite evidence to the contrary, Denise thinks she is smarter than most of the people in her class. Denise's unfounded attitude about herself is an example of a(n) _____.
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The foot in the door technique
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According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request
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Empathy
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The key social emotion involved with altruism
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Social contagion
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You are studying in a quiet but crowded library when you suddenly start coughing. You soon notice others doing the same thing. This is an example of _____.
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Competitive and Cooperative Activities
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Sherif's Robbers Cave study showed that perceptions of the outgroup are affected by _____.
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Low socioeconomic status
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What is the strongest predictor of whether a person will experience a mental disorder?
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Generalized Anxiety Disorder
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Although Carol has been experiencing persistent anxiety for the past 6 months, she has been unable to specify the cause or source of her nervous feelings. Carol likely suffers from _______.
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Depressed arousal and fatigue
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Which of the folling is NOT a symptom of post-traumatic stress disorder? Flashbacks. Difficulties with memory and concentration. Feelings of apprehension and nervousness. Depressed arousal and fatigue.
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Serotonin and Norepinephrine
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Depressed people tend to have low levels of which neurotransmitter?
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Anorexia Nervosa
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______ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder
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Flat Affect
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Which of the following is NOT considered a positive symptom of schizophrenia? Hallucinations Delusions Referential thinking Flat Affect
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Being labeled with a mental disorder creates a self-fulfilling prophecy that changes the way mental health professionals evaluate and treat you.
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In 1973 Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were committed to a psychiatric hospital. what did the results of this study demonstrate?
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Psychosurgery
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Which of the following biological interventions for changing behavior is used LEASE often? Aversive conditioning. Electroconvulsive therapy psychosurgery drug therapy
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Bipolar Disorder
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Lithium is commonly used to treat __________
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provide clients with insight into their unconscious conflicts
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The main goal of psychoanalysis is to _________.
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latent
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According to Freudian dream interpretation, the obvious content of a person's dream hides the true meaning of the dream, called the ________ content.
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smoking, overheating, and drinking alcohol
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Aversive conditioning can be an effective treatment for _______.
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Rational-emotive Behavior theory
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____________ suggests that psychological disorders are the result of irrational and self-defeating beliefs.
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Family therapy
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Validation, reframing, structural changes, and detriangulation are techniques commonly used in ________.
