Psychology-101- Prologue – Flashcards
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Structuralism
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an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
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Functionalism
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a school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Behaviorism
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the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).
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Humanistic psychology
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historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth
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Cognitive neuroscience
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the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)
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Psychology
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the science of behavior and mental processes
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nature-nurture issue
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the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture
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natural selection
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the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
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levels of analysis
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the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
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biopsychosocial approach
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an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
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basic research
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pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.
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applied research
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scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
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counseling psychology
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a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.
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clinical psychology
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a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.
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psychiatry
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a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy
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SQ3R
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a study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Rehearse, Review.
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When and how did pshychological science begin?
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Psychological science had its modern begining with the first psychological laboratory , founded in 1879 by a German philosopher and phychologist Wilhelm Wundt, and from later work of other scholars from several disciplines and many countries.
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How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920s through today?
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having begun as a "science of mental life," psychology evolved in the 1920s into the "scientific study of observable behavior." After rediscovering the mind, psychology since the 1960s has been widely defined as the science of behavior and mental processes.
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What is phychology's historic big issue?
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The relative contributions and interplay between the influences of nature (genes) and nurture (all other influences from conception to death). Today science emphasises the interaction of genes and experinces in specific environments.
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What are psycgology's levels of analysis and related perspectives?
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The biopsychosocial approach intergrates information from the biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. Psychologist study humn behaviors and mental processes from many different perspectives such as, nueroscientific, evolutionary, behavior genetics, phychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural perspectives.
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What are psychology's main subfields?
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Psychology's subfields encompass BASIC RESEARCH (often done by biological, developmental, cognitive, personality, and social psychologists), APPLIED RESEARCH (sometimes conducted by industrial/organizational psychologists), and CLINICAL SCIENCE AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST (the work of counseling psychologists and clinical psychologists). Clinical psychologists study, assess, and treat (with psychotherapy) people with psychological disorders. Psychiatrists also study, assess, and treat people with disorders, but as medical doctors, they may prescribe drugs in addition to psychotherapy.
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What are psychology's major levels of analysis?
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Answer: Psychology's three major levels of analysis are the biological, psychological, and social-cultural. The complementary insights of psychologists studying behavior and mental processes from the neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, and social-cultural perspectives offer a richer understanding than could usually be gained from any one viewpoint alone.
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What event defined the founding of scientific psychology?
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Answer: The founding of scientific psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt's opening of the University of Leipzig psychology laboratory in 1879. The new science of psychology was soon organized into different schools of thought, including structuralism (founded by Edward Bradford Titchener, using introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind) and functionalism (founded by William James, focusing on how mental and behavioral processes enable organisms to adapt, survive, and flourish). James also wrote an important psychology textbook, completed in 1890.
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Aristotle
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The greek philosopher Aristotle developed early theories about learning, memory, motivation, emotion, perception, and personality.
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Wilhelm Wundt
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(1832 - 1920) - A German Physiologist who is generally credited as being the founder of Psychology. Founded the first Psychology research laboratory in 1879.Established psychology as experimental philosophy, defined as the science in the mental world. His student was Edward Bradford. Introspection - The act of observing and analyzing one's own thoughts and feelings. Structuralism - The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind
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Edward Bradford
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A student of the first psychological laboratory founded by 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt. Edward Bradford Titchener introduced the school of structuralism which explored the basic elements of mind using the method of introspection. He trained people to report elements of their experinces while looking at a rose or listening to a metronome or the smell of a rose and asked them to record their immediate sensations, their images, or feelings and how they related to one another. Titchener used introspection to search for the mind's structural elements.This proved to be unreliable. results varied from person to person.
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William James
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Writer and teacher who developed functionalism. He taught psychology at Harvard; Mary Calkins was a student. Influenced by the work of Charles Darwin he asumed thinking, like smelling, developed because it was ADAPTIVE- it contributed to our ancestor's survival. Consciousness serves a fuction, it enables us to consider our past, adjust to our present circumstances, and plan our future. He wrote the first Psychology textbook.
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association. Student of William James.
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Margaret Floy Washburn
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The first woman to recive a psychology PHD, Washburn synthesized animal behavior research in The Aniaml Mind.
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Sigmund Freud
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An Austrian physician, who developed an influential theory of personality. Freud was a theorist and therapist who had influenced humanity's self-understanding.
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John Watson and Rosalie Rayner
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working with Rayner, Watson championed psychology as the science of behavior and demonstrated conditioned responses on a baby who become famous as "little albert"
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B.F. Skinner
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A leading behaviorist, Skinner rejected introsection and studied how consequences shape behavior.
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Charles Darwin
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English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882)
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Psychosocial approach
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considers influences of biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors, all are a part of Behavior or mental process. Biological influences- natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to environment, brin mechanisms, hormonal influences. Psychological influences-learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, and cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations. Social-cultural influences are the presence of others; cultural, societal, and family expectations; peer and other group influences;compelling models (media).
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Neuroscience perspective
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how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
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Evolutionary perspective
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how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
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Behavior genetics perspective
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how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
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Psychodynamic perspective
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how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
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Behavioral perspective
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how we learn observable responses
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Cognitive perspective
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how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
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Social-cultural perspective
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how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
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Biological psychologist
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exploring the links between brain and mind.
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developmental psychologist
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studing our changing abilities from womb to tomb
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cognitive psychologist
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experimenting with how we percived, think, and, solve problems
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personality psychologist
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investing our persistent traits
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social psychologist
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exploring how we view and affect one another
