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Abraham Maslow was associated with ____ psychology

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humanistic

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Maslow believed that psychologists should study

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the strengths and virtues where human natures is at its best

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Maslow insisted on psychology that emphasized

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human strengths, free-will, and the fulfillment of human potential

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Maslow's approach to personality is based on the idea that

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people are capable of displaying better behavior than prejudice, hatred, and aggression

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs are considered instinctoid, which are based on

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needs for safety, belongingness, and love

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According to Maslow, hungry people are not preoccupied with the need of self-actualization until they _____needs

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physiological

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The key idea in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that

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lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs become influential

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A fully functioning person feels a(n)

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ability to live richly and creatively in the moment

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Belongingness and esteem needs arise in

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adolescence

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Higher needs are

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All of the answers -weaker than lower -active late in life -less necessary

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Maslow called the higher (meta) needs

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growth or being needs

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Lower needs are

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All of the answers -stronger -called -more

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All of the following are physiological needs except

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the need for relationships

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The need for safety is most important in

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infants and neurotic adults

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People whose safety needs are unsatisfied prefer

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stability and structure

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Maslow believed that the belongingness and love needs

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involves the need bot to give and receive love

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By self-actualization, Maslow meant

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fulfillment of our unique potential, talents, and abilities

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A prerequisite for self-actualization is

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All of the answers -realistic knowledge -freedom from constraints -feeling of security

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concerning cognitive needs, studies have been shown that emotionally healthy adults

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are motivated to improve their knowledge about unexplained events

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In Maslow's view, human behavior is

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determined by innate needs and situational variables

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In metamotivation, a person

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is said to be developing from within

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According to Maslow, truly self-actualized people constitute for ___ of the population

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less than 1%

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Maslow called moments of intense ecstasy, power, and transcendence of the self

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peak experiences

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During a peak experience, the person

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feels powerful, confident, and decisive

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A peak experience occurs when

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the self is transcended and a person feels supremely powerful

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Self-actualizers can occasionally

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All of the answers -feel doubt -be hurtful -experience conflict

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The tendency to self-actualize can be impeded by

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our doubts about our own abilities

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Maslow's personality theory grew out of his research on the characteristics of

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self-actualized persons

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Maslow's primary research method was the

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Maslow did not use these traditional research techniques

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Maslow has been criticized on the grounds that his research

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is nnot scientifically rigorous

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What was Maslow's attitude tower subjective experiences?

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it provides the experiential base for personality research

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According to Maslow, what could one do to help another person grow and develop

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enhance the attractions (benefits) of change

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In order of their salience (ability to influence us), the needs in Maslow's hierarchy are

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physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization

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According to Maslow, once a need has been met

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it may again become pre-potent, if no longer met in the future

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A wish or desire qualifies as a basic need when one or more of the following conditions are met

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All of the above -absence -presence -return

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At the highest level of the need hierarchy, people are

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no longer motivated by basic need deficiencies

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Which of the following illustrates B-motivation?

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beauty, truth, and justice

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People who are self-actualized are most likely to laugh at

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the human condition

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The need for self-esteem is ____

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a deficiency motivation

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Basic needs are

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All of the above -instinctoid -universal -deficiency -prepotent

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Carl Rogers and ____ viewed psychology as humanistic, psychoanalytic

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Abraham Maslow

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Rogers believed personality is influence primarily by

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conscious perception of ourselves and our experiential world

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According to Rogers, the best way to understand personality is through

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a person's subjective experiences

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For Rogers, the ultimate goal is to become a

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fully functioning person

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Rogers childhood was characterized by

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parents who loved him in subtle ways, but held strict religious views and emphasized moral behavior

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According to Rogers, the way we see our environment is

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dependent on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality

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To rogers, the only valid way to study personality is through

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examining each person's subjective perceptions

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Rogers' terms for the acceptance we need from others is

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positive regard

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According to Rogers, unconditional positive regard

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is nto dependent on the child's behavior

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Conditions of worth derive from

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internalizing parents' norms and standards

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Once infants develop conditions of worth, they

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must avoid certain behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying

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Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent for which our

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self is congruent with our environment

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Carl Rogers' fully functioning person would

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All of the answers

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All of the following are characteristics of a fully functioning person except

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achievement of as much wealth and power as one's potential allows

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In Rogers' theory of human nature

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one aspect of personality... predispositional

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Rogers believed that personality should be

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Three long words

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Rogers said it was difficult for a therapist to know a client's experiential world completely, because

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all of the answers

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In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist provides

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unconditional positive regard

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The only predetermined belief of the person-centered therapist is

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the client's inherent value and worth

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With regard to experiemtnal research, Rogers

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preferred to have a clearer view of a person's experiential world

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The technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called

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a Q-sort

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Rogers believed that the essence of human nature is

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an innate drive for actualization

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Research using the Q sort provides

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impressive evidence for the effectiveness of person-centered therapy

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The self-reports, children whose parents used conditional regard

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showed poor coping skills, fluctuating levels of self-esteem and low self worth

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Parents who accepted their children unconditionally and displayed democratic child rearing practices

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had children with higher self-esteem and greater emotional security

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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

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choice making and responsibility

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To say that Rogers took a phenomenological approach recognize that he emphasized

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understanding the point of view of the client

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Rogers regarded the fundamental motivation to be

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the actualizing tendency

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If a person is highly incongruent

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the real self and ideal self are in conflict

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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized

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choice making and responsibility

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Rogers' term for acceptance we need from others is

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positive regard

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Our level of psychological adjustment is a function of the extent to which

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self is contingent with environment

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Differentiation of self ....

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All of the above

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Rogers term for understanding others as they see themselves is

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empathy

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At an intrapsychic level, differentiation refers to the ability to distinguish between

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intellect and emotion

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Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

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demonstrate better psychological adjustment

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Highly differentiated individuals are thought to

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remain in satisfying contact with families of origin

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People who are highly differentiated tend to also be

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emotionally regulated

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Those who have "satisfaction with life" tend to

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All of the above

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A peak experience occurs when

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the self is transcend and a person feels supremely able and at peace

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Maslow's influences from childhood

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Father—determined but aloof father; hitchhiked across Western Europe; was a drinker and philanderer - periodically abandoned family Mother-- superstitious;cruel;hated- killed kittens; rejected Maslow for younger siblings Inferiority complex- Felt inferior because of physique, nose, and differences from others Compensation- Did not do well athletically, so turned to scholarship

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Maslow's influences from later experiences

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-Developed an interest in behaviorism;Worked with primates -Interest turned to humanism -Worked to overcome ailments -Experiences of having a child and feeling helpless, viewing a parade, and influences of Gestalt psychologist and American anthropologist kindled interest in self-actualization

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Hierarchy of needs

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activate and direct human behavior 1. physiological 2. safety 3. belongingness and love 4. Esteem 5. self-actualization

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Instinctoid

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The way Maslow desribed the five needs in his hiearchy; needs are innate or have a heriditory component. However, these needs can be affected/overridden by learning, social expectations, and fear of disapproval. Although we come equipped with these needs at birth, the behaviors we use to satisfy them are learned and therefore subject to variation from one person to another;Overlain with environmental influences and learned behaviors

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In Maslow's Hierarchy of needs, one need is ___________ at any time

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dominant

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Can the order change in the hierarchy of needs?

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Yes

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Four needs are ________, and four needs are __________

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deficit; growth (being)

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Deficiency needs

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-failure to satisfy produces a deficiency in body -basic requirements for physical and psychological well-being -4 lower level needs that must be satisfied first

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Growth (being) needs

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The 4 higher needs; although growth needs are less necessary than deficit needs for survival, they involve the realization and fulfillment of human potential.

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Which are more important: lower level needs or higher level needs?

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lower level needs

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Lower needs

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higher potency/priority

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Higher needs

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-later in life -gratification can be postponed and requires better circumstances/opportinities -satisfaction leads to psychological benifits

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physiological needs

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*basic physical or biological needs required by every human to sustain life -Food -Water -Air -Clothing -Shelter -Procreation *Rarely in need of satisfaction in affluent, industrialized cultures

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Safety needs

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*Necessary for freedom from fear -Physical safety -Health and well-being -Economic safety -Emotional safety -Insurance against future threats *Most prevalent in children and neurotic and insecure adults

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Belongingness and love needs

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*Necessary for acceptance -Friendship -Intimacy -Family *Arises in adolescence

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Esteem needs

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*Necessary for confidence, competence, and productivity -Esteem and respect from others -Feeling of self-worth and esteem from selves *Arises in adolescence

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need for Self-actualization

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the need to fulfill one's potention; highest need in Maslow's motivational hierarchy; Peak of potential and fullest personality development

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4 necessary conditions of self-actualization

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-Free of constraints imposed by society and selves -Free of distraction by lower-order needs -Security in self image and relationships with others -Realistic knowledge of strengths and weaknesses

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metamotivation

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the motivation of self-actualizers, which involves maximizing personal potential rather than striving for a particular goal object

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When self-actualized people use metamotivation, they are

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-Seeking knowledge and understanding of environment -Seeking personal enrichment -State of "being" (spontaneously, naturally, and joyfully expressing full humanity) -Evolving to meet metaneeds *failure results in metapathology

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metaneeds

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States of growth or being toward which self-actualizers evolve; Secondary concerns, such as spirituality, creativity, curiosity, beauty, philosophy, and justice, that can be addressed only after the basic needs are met.

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metapathology

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*the result when metaneeds are not met; -A thwarting of self-development related to failure to satisfy the metaneeds. -Psychological disorder that results when a being motive is not allowed proper expression.

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12 characteristics of a Self-Actualized individual

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-Efficient perception of reality -Acceptance of self, others, and nature -Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness -Dedication to a cause -sense of detachment and need for privacy -Freshness of appreciation -Peak experiences -Social interest -Deep interpersonal relationships -Tolerance and acceptance of others -Creativeness and originality -Resistance to social pressures/inculturation

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Efficient perception of reality

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Self-actualizers perceive their world, including other people, clearly and objectively, unbiased by prejudgments or preconceptions

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Acceptance of self, others, and nature

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Self-actualizers accept their strengths and weaknesses. They do not try to distort or falsify their self-image and they do not feel guilty about their failings. They also accept the weaknesses of other people and of society in general.

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Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness

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The behavior of self-actualizers is open, direct, and natural. They rarely hide their feelings or emotions or play a role to satisfy society, although they may do so to avoid hurting other people; individualistic in their ideas and ideals but not necessarily unconventional in their behavior; feel secure enough to be themselves without being overly assertive.

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Dedication to a cause; focus on problems outside themselves

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Self-actualizers have a sense of mission, a commitment, to which they devote their energy. This dedication to a cause or vocation is a requirement for self-actualization; ﬁnd pleasure and excitement in their hard work; Through intense dedication, able to satisfy the metaneeds; do not undertake their tasks for money, fame, or power but rather to satisfy the metaneeds. Their commitment challenges and develops their abilities and helps deﬁne their sense of self.

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sense of detachment and need for privacy

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Self-actualizers can experience isolation without harmful effects and seem to need solitude more than persons who are not self-actualizing; depend on themselves, not on others, for their satisfactions; independence may make them seem aloof or unfriendly, but that is not their intent; more autonomous than most; and dont crave social support

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freshness of appreciation

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Self-actualizers have the ability to perceive and experience their environment with freshness, wonder, and awe. An experience may grow stale for someone who is not self-actualizing, but self-actualizers will enjoy each recurrence as though it was the ﬁrst. Whether it is a sunset, a painting, or a symphony, a baseball game or a birthday gift—all of these experiences can be viewed with delight. Self-actualizers appreciate what they have and take little for granted.

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peak experiences

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Self-actualizers know moments of intense ecstasy, not unlike deep religious experiences, that can occur with virtually any activity. Maslow called these events peak experiences, during which the self is transcended and the person feels supremely powerful, conﬁdent, an decisive.

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social interest

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Maslow adopted Alfred Adler's concept of social interest to indicate the sympathy and empathy self-actualizing persons have for all humanity; Although often irritated by the behavior of other people, self-actualizers feel a kinship with and an understanding of others as well as a desire to help them.

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Deep interpersonal relationships

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Although their circle of friends is not large, self-actualizers have deep, lasting friendships; tend to select as friends those with personal qualities similar to their own, just as we all choose as friends the people we ﬁnd compatible; often attract admirers or disciples; relationships are usually one-sided; the admirer asks more of the self-actualizer than the self-actualizer is able or willing to give.

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Tolerance and acceptance of others; democratic character structure

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Self-actualizers are tolerant and accepting of the personality and behavior of others; display no racial, religious, or social prejudice; willing to listen to and learn from anyone capable of teaching them and are rarely condescending

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Creativeness and originality

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Self-actualizing people are highly creative and exhibit inventiveness and originality in their work and other facets of life; ﬂexible, spontaneous, and willing to make mistakes and learn from them; open and humble, in the way children are before society teaches them to be embarrassed or shy about possibly doing something foolish.

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Resistance to social pressures/inculturation

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Self-actualizers are autonomous, independent,and self-sufﬁcient; feel free to resist social and cultural pressures to think or behave in a certain way;do not openly rebel against cultural norms or social codes, but they are governed by their own nature rather than the structures of society.

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Failure to self actualize

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-Hostile and rejecting parents -Poor economic/environmental conditions -Inadequate education -Restriction from exploring -Too much freedom -Self-doubt (Jonah complex)

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Jonah Complex

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The fear that maximizing our potential will lead to a situation with which we will be unable to cope.

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What is necessary to be able to be self-actualized?

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-Sufficient childhood love -satisfaction of physiological and safety needs in first two years of life -courage

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Cognitive needs

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1. need to know-strongest and highest priority 2. need to understand-comes later *Appear in late infancy and early childhood *Overlap the other five needs *Required for self-actualization

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Maslow's views on human nature

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Optimistic - focus on psychological health and potential Free will- we choose how to satisfy our needs and maximize potential Nature and nurture - needs are innate but behaviors are learned Uniqueness and universality - needs are universal but how we respond and behave are unique Growth - we try to achieve self-actualization and our maximum potential

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