Molecular Biology : Exam 1 – Phillip Ryals – UWF – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
What is Molecular Biology?
answer
a 'hybrid' discipline that combines elements of genetics and biochemistry. It is the study of gene structure and function at the molecular level.
question
Why isn't the earliest work on genes considered as molecular biology genetics?
answer
the molecular nature of genes was NOT KNOWN.
question
Earliest work on genes is referred to as...
answer
"transmission genetics" as it dealt with the transmission of traits from parent organ to their offspring.
question
Molecular biology includes the study of:
answer
-DNA/RNA structure and function -DNA reproduction -Transcription/translation mechanisms -Gene struct/funct/control or expression -Gene cloning, genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics
question
Prior to Mendel's work, it was thought that inheritance was a "__________" of parental traits in the offspring.
answer
blending
question
Mendel concluded that inheritance was "___________" i.e. each parent contributed particles (genetic units, GENES) to offspring.
answer
particulate
question
What did Mendel predict?
answer
that gametes (sex cells) would control only one allele of each gene instead of two.
question
The idea that chromosomes carry genes is the... (name of theory)...
answer
Chromosome Theory of Inheritance
question
1910 - Thomas Hunt Morgan demonstrated that...
answer
...eye-color in fruit flies was sex linked.
question
Each gene has its place, or ______ on a chromosome...
answer
"locus" = location on a gene chromosome.
question
-Morgan assumed that genes are arranged in a linear membrane or chromosome. -He knew that during meiosis, carry over between 2 homologus chromosomes could occur. The result is a exchange of genes between 2 homologus chromosomes.
answer
...
question
The FARTHER APART two genes are on a chromosome, the more likely they are to ___________.
answer
RECOMBINE.
question
A.H. Strutevant predicted that a mathematical relationship existed between distance separating two genes on a chromosome and the freq of recombination between 2 genes. His studies established the...
answer
Rationale of Genetic Mapping technique. (which is still used today).
question
^ all previously described work deals with the ___________ of genes and how to ____ genes on chromosomes.
answer
"transmission"... "map"..
question
Molecular Genetics describes...
answer
...what genes are MADE OF and HOW THEY FUNCTION.
question
In 1869, Miescher found that cell nuclei contained a mixture of compound that he named...
answer
Nuclein
question
The major component in nuclein is...
answer
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
question
By the end of the 1800s, DNA and RNA were known to be ________ of _____________.
answer
polymers or Nucleotides...
question
A nucleotide is made of a ...
answer
- sugar - phosphate group - nitrogenous base
question
Polymers are formed by...
answer
linking the sugars together w/ their phosphate groups.. or something. **Phospho-diester bonds between sugars... Fig 2.10 (look it up if you don't believe me)
question
The 2nd major component of nuclein is...
answer
protein.
question
Proteins are _______ of amino acids linked together by ______ bonds.
answer
polymers.... amide bonds...
question
In 1944, Avery-MacLeod McCartey did a transformation exp similar to an exp performed by Griffith in 1928. Avery demonstrated that DNA was the...
answer
... genetic material of Inheritance.
question
Griffith exp of 1928... - Streptococcus pneumoniae - S smooth - capsule - virulent - R rough - NO capsule - avirulent (lymphocyte)
answer
...
question
Griffith exp demonstrated that ______________ had occurred during this experiment. This laid the foundation for eventually identifying DNA as the genetic material.
answer
transformation. ..."heat killed virulent cells were found to transform avirulent cells to virulent cells"...
question
Avery exp of 1944... 1.) Removed protein from extract. Extract still capable of preforming transformation... 2.) Digested test extract w/ various enzymes.. (flip)
answer
a) trypsin (protease) b) chymotrypsin c) RNase (nuclease) d) DNase <-- chopped up DNA, (transformation ceased)
question
Physical-Chemical Analysis of the Purified "Transforming Substance"
answer
...
question
1950 - Edwin Chargaff *Bases are NOT found in equal proportions *Bases composition varied between species
answer
...
question
Rollin Hotchkiss - Extended Avery's work by further purifying the protein contents down to 0.02%. - Also showed the genetic traits other than R and S could be transferred by DNA.
answer
...
question
1952 - Hershey Chase Exp ...."radiolabeled" The T2 bacteriophage (bacterial virus) was used. - Phages are composed of only DNA and protein... (the phages enter the host cell and direct the synthesis of new phage particles). ...(flip)
answer
- Phage DNA was radiolabeled w/ phosphorus - 32 (32P) - Phage protein was radiolabeled w/ Sulfur - 35 (35S)
question
By 1953, Watson and Crick published the double-helical model of DNA structure.
answer
...
