Psych. Pre-Test 3: Social Psychology, Unpleasant Stressors, Intrinsic Motivation – Flashcards
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1.The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called_________. a.abnormal psychology b.gerontology c.human development d.maturational studies
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1. c. human development
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2. A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of___________. a. abnormal psychology b. gerontology c. human development d. maturational studies
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2. c. human development
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3. In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. behavior genetics d. cross-sectional
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3. b. longitudinal
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4. Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively inexpensive. c. It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
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4. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
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5. A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method. a. cohort design b. longitudinal design c. behavior genetics design d. cross-sectional design
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5. d. cross-sectional design
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6. Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively expensive. c. It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.
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6. a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another.
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7. ________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a. Nature; nurture b. Cognition; emotion c. Nurture; behavioral genetics d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal
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7. a. Nature; nurture
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8. Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research? a. nurture b. nature c. school district superintendent d. teacher appraisals of performance
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8. a. nurture
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9. Which of these physical skills typically develops LAST? a. rolling over b. standing alone c. walking d. sucking
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9. c. walking
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10. Which is the correct order of development of Six Motor Milestones according to research? a. Sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over. b. Crawling, walking, raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support. c. Raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking. d. Rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking, raising head and chest.
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10. c. Raising head and chest, rolling over, sitting up with support, sitting up without support, crawling, walking.
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11. Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations b. concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations c. sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations d. preoperational; sensorimotor;concrete operations; formaloperations
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11. c. sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations
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12. A baby's language that consists of repetition of consonant-vowel combinations is called ______. a. cooing b. holophrasing c. telegraphic speech d. babbling
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12. d. babbling
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13. By about 12 months, most infants ____________________. a. begin to use intonation in their language b. build a vocabulary of one-word phrases c. begin to distinguish, in their language, between themselves and others d. begin to form two- and three-word sentences
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13. b. build a vocabulary of one-word phrases
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14. Shelby is very adaptable to change. She is on a regular sleeping, eating, and waking schedule. Thomas and Chess would describe Shelby as being a(n) _________child. a. easy b. difficult c. slow-to-warm-up d. undemanding
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14. a. easy
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15. Egbert is a quiet child who is very slow to adapt to change. However, if he is introduced gradually to new people or situations, then eventually he will accept them without too much distress. Thomas and Chess would say his temperament is ______. a. active b. slow-to-warm-up c. difficult d. easy
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15. b. slow-to-warm-up
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16. The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called_________. a. temperament b. attachment c. trust d. habituation
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16. b. attachment
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17. Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behavior? a. trust versus mistrust b. initiative versus guilt c. industry versus inferiority d. autonomy versus shame and doubt
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17. d. autonomy versus shame and doubt
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18. In Erikson's __________stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behavior. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority
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18. c. initiative versus guilt
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19. The period of life from about age 13 to the early twenties, during which a young person is no longer physically a child but is not yet an independent, self-supporting adult, is called ________. a. adolescence b. tweens c. young adulthood d. puberty
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19. a. adolescence
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20. Puberty is defined as _________. a. the production of hormones in the reproductive glands stimulated by the pituitary gland b. the stage of identity versus role confusion c. the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak d. the time when a child becomes a teenager
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20. c. the physical changes that occur in the body as sexual development reaches its peak
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21. Fifteen-year-old Todd is writing an impassioned novel about growing up in America. In his novel he describes his experiences in a way that portrays them as unique, such that no one has ever thought such deep thoughts or experienced such ecstasy before. Todd's writings most clearly reflect ______. a. his sense of autonomy b. the personal fable c. the period of rebellion common to all adolescents d. his developing sense of conscience
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21. b. the personal fable
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22. The tendency of teenagers to feel that they are always "on stage" and that they are the center of everyone else's world, just as they are the center of their own, is a phenomenon known as ___________. a. formal operations b. the imaginary audience c. the personal fable d. puberty
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22. b. the imaginary audience
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23. Brad is 18 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development? a. integrity versus despair b. intimacy versus isolation c. generativity versus stagnation d. identity versus role confusion
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23. d. identity versus role confusion
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24. Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of ______. a. intimacy versus isolation b. generativity versus stagnation c. identity versus role confusion d. integrity versus despair
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24. a. intimacy versus isolation
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25. Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of ______. a. intimacy versus isolation b. identity versus role diffusion c. integrity versus despair d. generativity versus stagnation
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25. d. generativity versus stagnation
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26. Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of______________. a. integrity versus despair b. intimacy versus isolation c. generativity versus stagnation d. identity versus identity confusion
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26. a. integrity versus despair
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27. The process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met is called _____________. a. motivation b. emotion c. achievement d. synergy
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27. a. motivation
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28.To psychologists, motivation refers to __________. a. a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water b. a process in which an individual sets goals in order to increase his or her competence and skills c. an inferred process within an organism that causes it to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation d. movement through a hierarchy of needs, beginning with survival needs for sleep, food, and water and reaching the need for self-actualization
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28. c. an inferred process within an organism that causes it to move toward a goal or away from an unpleasant situation
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29. Extrinsic motivation is defined as ___________. a. the pursuit of an activity for external reward b. the pursuit of an activity for its own sake c. the pursuit of an activity to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d. the pursuit of an activity in order to increase one's competence and skills
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29. a. the pursuit of an activity for external reward
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30. A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment is known as ______. a. primary motivation b. intrinsic motivation c. secondary motivation d. extrinsic motivation
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30. d. extrinsic motivation
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31. Intrinsic motivation is one that propels a person to pursue an activity _______________. a. for external rewards b. for its own sake c. to relieve the state of tension caused by deprivation d. in order to be judged favorably by others
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31. b. for its own sake
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32. __________ is a state of tension resulting from the deprivation of physical needs, such as those for food and water. a. Motivation b. A drive c. A value d. Instinct
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32. b. A drive
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33. According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction? a. Tension is increased. b. Stability is reduced. c. Tension is reduced. d. Drives are increased.
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33. c. Tension is reduced.
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34. The tendency of the body to maintain a steady state of functioning is called _______________. a. stability b. equilibrium c. homeostasis d. physiological balance
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34. c. homeostasis
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35. Which of the following activities is inconsistent with drive-reduction theory? a. eating food that tastes bad b. going swimming on a hot day c. eating when you are not hungry d. smoking pot to relax
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35. c. eating when you are not hungry
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36. Primary drives are caused by ______. a. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle b. learned behaviors c. stimuli within the body d. stimuli outside the body
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36. c. stimuli within the body
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37. Primary drives are ______. a. learned b. unlearned c. produced by external incentives d. exceptions to the drive-reduction principle
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37. b. unlearned
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38. Drives that are learned through experience are called ______ drives. a. primary b. reflexive c. acquired d. tertiary
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38. c. acquired
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39. nAch is an abbreviation for ____________. a. no achievement b. need for achievement c. no challenge d. need for change
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39. b. need for achievement
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40. The need for _____________ involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. a. achievement b. power c. motivation d. emotion
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40. a. achievement
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41. Sydney said, "I don't care much about my grades as long as I'm the most popular girl in the class!" What need is this? a. need for achievement b. need for affiliation c. need for power d. need for sex
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41. b. need for affiliation
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42. Donald believes all the teaching in the world will not change the fact that he is stupid and of below average intelligence. According to Dweck, what locus of control does Donald have? a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control
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42. d. external locus of control
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43. Jack, compared to most other people, appears to need a high level of arousal. He enjoys doing potentially life-threatening hobbies such as sky diving, swimming with sharks, and bungee jumping from bridges. Jack is likely to be a __________. a. show off b. mentally unstable c. sensation seeker d. unhealthy
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43. c. sensation seeker
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44. Things that attract or lure people to action are ______________. a. instincts b. incentives c. stimuli d. bait
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44. b. incentives
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45. According to Abraham Maslow, developing one's potential to its fullest extent results in ___________. a. safety b. self-esteem c. belongingness d. self-actualization
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45. d. self-actualization
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46. Which of these is the correct sequence of Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs from the lowest to the highest? a. physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization b. esteem, safety, self-actualization, belongingness/love, physiological c. safety, self-actualization, belongingness/love, esteem, physiological d. safety, physiological, esteem, belongingness/love, self-actualization
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46. a. physiological, safety, belongingness/love, esteem, self-actualization
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47. Chemicals that can alter consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior are called ___________. a. legal drugs b. illegal drugs c. hallucinogens d. psychoactive drugs
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47. d. psychoactive drugs
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48. Which of the following indicators reflects the possibility of physical dependence? a. obsessing about a drug b. getting caught with a drug c. abusing a drug d. drug tolerance
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48. d. drug tolerance
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49. Kinsey believed that ________. a. sexual orientation was an either/or situation b. sexual orientation was on a continuum c. sexual orientation was too sensitive to be studied d. premarital sex was fundamentally destructive to society
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49. b. sexual orientation was on a continuum
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50. Which is the most socially acceptable form of sexual behavior in most cultures? a. bisexuality b. homosexuality c. heterosexuality d. All of these three forms are equally acceptable in most cultures.
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50. c. heterosexuality
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51. According to research, the majority of gay or bisexual college students report they first became aware of their sexual orientation in _____________. a. high school b. middle school c. elementary school d. before entering school
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51. a. high school
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52. Paul Ekman and his colleagues gathered abundant evidence supporting the universality of _______ basic facial expressions of emotion. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine
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52. c. seven
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53. Positive psychology can be thought of as ______________. a. shifting the focus of psychology from Cognitive to Gestalt b. shifting the focus from achievement to self-actualization c. shifting the focus from negatives to more positives in psychology while focusing on strengths d. shifting the focus from the abstract to the tangible
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53. c. shifting the focus from negatives to more positives in psychology while focusing on strengths
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54. Dr. Lighthead works with her patients to draw from many of their strengths and successes in her therapy sessions. She often stresses the importance of achievements, strengths, and well-being while not dwelling on past issues of abuse, depression, and unmet goals. Based on the description of her work, Dr. Lighthead is likely to utilize ___________ in her sessions. a. structural psychology b. positive psychology c. optimist psychology d. transient psychology
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54. b. positive psychology
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55. _________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. a. Stress b. Burnout c. Dysphoria d. Distress
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55. a. Stress
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56. Which of the following are considered emotional, as opposed to mental, symptoms of stress? a. sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, nausea b. depression, fear, anger c. difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks d. eating too much, smoking or drinking more than usual, hitting people, or throwing things
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56. b. depression, fear, anger
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57. Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. a. hassles b. catastrophies c. eustresses d. stressors
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57. d. stressors
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58. _________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. a. Acute stress b. Eustress c. Distress d. Catastrophic stress
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58. c. Distress
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59. _________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. a. Acute stress b. Eustress c. Distress d. Catastrophic stress
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59. b. Eustress
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60. Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? a. major life events b. catastrophes c. hassles d. eustress
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60. b. catastrophes
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61. Ali, a war veteran, has had nightmares, flashbacks, and anxiety attacks for the past three years. Ali is most likely suffering from __________. a. acute stress disorder b. external locus of control c. catastrophic stress d. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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61. d. post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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62. Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ___________. a. colds and headaches b. cancer and heart disease c. hypertension and obesity d. heart disease and schizophrenia
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62. a. colds and headaches
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63. An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________. a. anxiety b. pressure c. overload d. cognitive dissonance
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63. b. pressure
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64. The _______control one has, the _______the degree of stress. a. more; greater b. less; greater c. less; lower d. Control has nothing to do with stress.
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64. b. less; greater
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65. ______ occurs when a person is blocked or prevented from achieving a desired goal or fulfilling a perceived need. a. Uncontrollability b. Conflict c. Pressure d. Frustration
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65. d. Frustration
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66. Desiring to purchase a book and finding it is out of stock is an example of a(n)________. a. external frustration b. internal conflict c. external conflict d. internal frustration
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66. a. external frustration
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67. All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT______. a. pressure b. frustration c. uncontrollability d. aggression
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67. d. aggression
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68. _________are habitual targets of displaced aggression. a. Scapegoats b. Internal conflicts c. Relationships d. Bullies
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68. a. Scapegoats
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69. In a(n) __________conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. double approach-avoidance
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69. c. approach-approach
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70. A conflict in which a person must choose between two undesirable routes to a goal or goals is called__________. a. approach-avoidance b. avoidance-avoidance c. approach-approach d. multiple approach-avoidance
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70. b. avoidance-avoidance
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71. Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? a. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. b. Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. c. Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. d. Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.
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71. a. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness.
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72. People living under stressful conditions tend to get sick more often than they would otherwise. How do researchers in psychoneuroimmunology explain this phenomenon? a. The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases. b. The stress response in the long run leads to a lowering of the heart rate, which makes the heart inefficient. c. The stress response makes muscles stronger, which places a greater burden on the heart and respiratory systems. d. The body tends to adapt to the constant call for the stress response and, thus, future responses are not as strong as before.
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72. a. The stress response reduces immune system functioning, thus making us more vulnerable to diseases.
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73. Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? a. The immune system is not affected by stress. b. Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. c. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends. d. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over.
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73. d. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over.
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74. Stress has been shown to put people at a higher risk for________. a. unplanned pregnancy b. heart attack and stroke c. promotions at work d. schizophrenia
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74. b. heart attack and stroke
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75. A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. a. Type A b. Type S c. Type B d. Type C
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75. a. Type A
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76. People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. a. Type A b. Type S c. Type B d. Type C
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76. c. Type B
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77. A person who thrives on stress but lacks the anger and hostility typical of some others who have the Type A personality is said to have a _________personality. a. Type C b. Type B c. hardy d. optmistic
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77. c. hardy
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78. Which statement about motivation is TRUE? a. Motivation energizes and directs behavior. b. We are always aware of motivational processes. c. There is only one type of motivation. d. Two people motivated by the same factor will satisfy that motive through similar means.
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78. a. Motivation energizes and directs behavior.
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79. Some psychologists believe that an organism's behavior is motivated by the need to achieve a state of balance in which the body functions effectively—a state called ______. a. unbalance b. acquiescence c. propinquity d. homeostasis
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79. d. homeostasis
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80. In the section "Three Types of Needs," which of the following was not discussed? a. achievement b. affiliation c. power d. sex
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80. d. sex
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81. Jack said, "I want to rule the world." What type of need is this? a. need for achievement b. need for affiliation c. need for power d. need for sex
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81. c. need for power
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82. According to Carol Dweck, these types of people believe intelligence is fixed, unchanging, and independent. a. internal in locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external in locus of control
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82. d. external in locus of control
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83. According to Carol Dweck, people with this type of control believe intelligence is changeable and can be shaped by experience. a. internal locus of control b. decremental c. incidental d. external locus of control
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83. a. internal locus of control
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84. In arousal theory, people are said to have a (an) _________ level of tension. a. ultimate b. lower c. optimal d. high
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84. c. optimal
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85. The Yerkes-Dodson Law says _________________. a. performance is affected by levels of physical arousal b. the more money you make the better your job will be c. nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again d. performance on tests is better in the morning
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85. a. performance is affected by levels of physical arousal
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86. Which of the following factors is most likely to have an effect on predictions made by the Yerkes Dodson Law? a. task instructions b. gender of person doing the task c. age of person doing the task d. difficulty of task
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86. d. difficulty of task
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87. Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior, thoughts, and feelings are influenced by _______. a. cognition b. mental processes c. the real, imagined, or implied presence of others d. psychology
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87. c. the real, imagined, or implied presence of others
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88. Social psychology differs from psychology in its focus on ______. a. people's susceptibility to clever advertising b. the influences of the social world in which we exist c. abnormal behavior d. conformity
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88. b. the influences of the social world in which we exist
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89. Which of the following is NOT a form of social influence? a. conformity b. compliance c. obedience d. altruism
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89. d. altruism
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90. "Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming? a. Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. b. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. c. Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. d. No. Looking up only means you are curious.
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90. b. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so.
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91. Vince has always believed children deserve the best prenatal care available. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express very negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. When it is his turn to speak, he voices an opinion more in keeping with the previous speakers. Vince's behavior is an example of ____________________. a. compliance b. persuasion c. conformity d. obedience
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91. c. conformity
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92. Voluntarily yielding to social norms, even at the expense of one's own preference, is called ______. a. obedience b. submission c. conformity d. compliance
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92. c. conformity
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193. In what way is compliance different from conformity? a. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. b. Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female. c. Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. d. Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion.
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93. a. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.
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94. Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity? a. sex-role stereotypes b. low socioeconomic status c. high level of individualism d. high levels of societal dependence
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94. c. high level of individualism
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95. When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____. a. groupthink b. mass thought c. consumerism d. solidarity think
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95. a. groupthink
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96. Close, friendly groups usually work well together, but they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. a. fundamental attribution error b. groupthink c. generational identity d. self-serving bias
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96. b. groupthink
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97. Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______. a. obedience b. compliance c. conformity d. persuasion
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97. b. compliance
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98. ______ is a change of behavior in response to a direct request. a. Conformity b. Obedience c. Compliance d. Deindividuation
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98. c. Compliance
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99. What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? a. risky shift b. foot-in-the-door effect c. door-in-the-face effect d. polarization phenomenon
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99. b. foot-in-the-door effect
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100. The tendency of people to comply with a second, larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique. a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. response cue
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100. c. foot-in-the-door
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101. "Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben. "Oh, that's great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then," Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique. a. lowball b. norm of reciprocity c. door-in-the-face d. obedience
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101. a. lowball
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102. The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. a. lowball b. door-in-the-face c. foot-in-the-door d. bait-and-switch
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102. b. door-in-the-face
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103. A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. a. lowball b. foot-in-the-door c. primacy d. bait-and-switch
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103. a. lowball
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104. One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique. a. that's-all-folks b. one-mo'-time c. that's-not-all d. there's-still-more
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104. c. that's-not-all
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105. A social psychologist has been invited to give a community lecture on the importance of Milgram's research. He asks a social psychology class for suggested titles. Which of the following titles might they suggest as the most appropriate? a. "Obedience and Aggression Are Inborn" b. "Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority" c. "Training in Ethics Can Overcome the Pull of Obedience" d. "Make a Small Request First and the World Can Be Yours"
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105. b. "Do Not Underestimate the Power of Perceived Authority"
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106. A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. a. bystander apathy b. an attitude c. groupthink d. conformity
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106. b. an attitude
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107. What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? a. cognitions b. stereotypes c. attitudes d. attributions
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107. c. attitudes
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108. Attitudes are __________________. a. innate b. generally positive c. learned d. unchangeable
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108. c. learned
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109. An attitude has ______ major components. a. one b. two c. three d. four
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109. c. three
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110. Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of attitudes? a. thoughts b. feelings c. goals d. behaviors
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110. c. goals
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111. You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected? a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational
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111. b. cognitive
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112. Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her trust of the candidate represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational
answer
112. a. affective
question
113. Roberta is trying to decide whether or not to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her sending a donation to the campaign represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. a. affective b. cognitive c. behavioral d. situational
answer
113. c. behavioral
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114. Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________. a. learning b. intuition c. reinforcement d. conformity
answer
114. a. learning
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115. "I hate Walt Disney World. Whenever I take the kids there, I realize how much I hate that place." Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. vicarious conditioning d. observational learning
answer
115. a. direct contact
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116. Jaquan's parents have been talking to him about the negative aspects of drugs ever since he was a youngster. Now that he is a teenager, he knows that some of his friends smoke marijuana. At a party one night, a friend offers Jaquan a joint. Jaquan declines the offer, stating that he hates drugs. Even though he has never tried drugs to form his own opinion of them, which method of attitude formation has kept him from making a mistake? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. interaction with others d. vicarious conditioning
answer
116. b. direct instruction
question
117. Kerry's positive attitude toward China, even though she has never been there, seems to be related to the fact that her mother is Chinese and talks about China all the time with Kerry. Which method of attitude formation is involved in this example? a. direct contact b. direct instruction c. interaction with others d. classical conditioning
answer
117. c. interaction with others
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118. What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? a. enticement b. persuasion c. conversion d. affectance
answer
118. b. persuasion
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119. Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? a. an attractive person who is an expert b. a moderately attractive person who is an expert c. an attractive person who has moderate expertise d. a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise
answer
119. a. an attractive person who is an expert
question
120. A state of tension that occurs when a person's attitudes do not match the person's actions is called __________. a. cognitive dissonance b. the validity effect c. the fundamental attribution error d. routinization
answer
120. a. cognitive dissonance
question
121. Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? a. changing the behavior to match the attitude b. changing the thought to justify the behavior c. developing new thoughts to justify the behavior d. continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts
answer
121. d. continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts
question
122. Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance? a. "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems." b. "No one I know who smokes is sick." c. "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop." d. "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful."
answer
122. c. "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop."
question
123.Which of the following is an example of cognitive dissonance? a. You are a lousy cook but you keep trying different recipes. b. You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode. c. You dislike doing exercise but do it anyway to improve your health. d. You are polite and civil to people you dislike.
answer
123. b. You believe that reality TV is for morons but are addicted to American Idol and watch every episode.
