Dental Radiography Exam 1 – Flashcards
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three components of xray machine
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tubehead, extension arm, and control panel
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four components of xray film
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film base, adhesive layer, film emulsion, and protective layer
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________ in film emulsion absorb the x-radiation during xray exposure and store the energy from the radiation
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silver halide crystals
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invisible pattern on emulsion
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latent image
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three types of film used in dental radiography
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intraoral film, extraoral film, duplicating film
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intraoral film sizes
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0,1,2,3,4--larger the number, larger the size
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intraoral film speeds
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D, F......f speed film reduces patient exposure to radiation by 60% compared with d speed
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__________ transform xray energy into visible light, which in turn exposes the screen film
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intensifying screens
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special type of photographic film used to make an identical copy of an intraoral or extraoral radiograph
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duplicating film
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5 steps in film processing
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development, rinsing, fixation, washing, and drying
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chemical solution used in development process to reduce the exposed, energized silver halide crystals
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developer
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developer solution 4 basic ingredients
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developing agent, perservative, accelerator, and restrainer
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fixer solution 4 basic agents
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fixing agent, preservative, hardening agent, and acidifier
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disease transmission may occur as a result of
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direct contact with pathogens in saliva, blood, respiratory secretions, lesions...indiret contact with contaminated objects or instruments....direct contact with airborne contaminants present in spatter or aerosols or oral and respiratory fluids
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3 conditions for infection control to occur
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susceptible host, pathogen with suffiencient infectivity and numbers to cause infection
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minimum ppe's
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protective attire, care of hands
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film is placed in mouth, parallel to long axis of tooth, central ray is directed perpendicular to film and long axis of tooth
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paralleling technique
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anterior teeth film size
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1
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posterior teeth size film
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2
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5 basic rules of paralleling technique
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film must cover prescribed area, film positioned parallel to long axis of tooth, central ray directed perpendicular to film and long axis of tooth, central ray directed through contact areas between teeth, and xray beam centered over film to ensure all areas of film are being exposed
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which teeth should you always start with in paralleling technique
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anterior
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advantages of paralleling technique
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produces images with dimensional accuracy,simple and easy to learn and use, easy to standardize, and can be accurately repeated
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bisecting technique used to expose
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periapical films
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in bisecting technique:
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film placed along lingual surface of tooth, where film contacts tooth-plane of film and long axis of tooth form an angle, imaginary bisector divides the angle in half or bisects it, and central ray of xray beam is directed perpendicular to the imaginary bisector
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film size used with bisecting
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2--positioned vertically for anterior and horizontally for posterior
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incorrect horizontal angulation results in
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overlapping
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correct vertical angulation has the tooth...
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the same size as the film
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Forshortening
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excessive vertical angulation, tooth is shortened
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elongation
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insufficient vertical angulation, tooth is longer
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bite-wing includes
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crowns of maxillary and mandibular teeth, interproximal areas, and areas of crestal bone on the same film
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four sizes of film
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0,1,2,3...size 2 recommended
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occlusal
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large areas of upper or lower jaw
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size film used
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4
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occlusals used for:
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localization of rooths, impacted teeth, foreign bodies, salivary stones; eval of size fo lesions, boundaries of maxillary sinus, and jaw fractures; exam of patients who cannot open their mouths; measurments of changes in size and shape of jaw
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localization used for:
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determining the buccal-lingual relationship of an object or to locate foreign bodies, impacted and unerupted teeth, retained roots, root positions, salivary stones, jaw fractures, broken needles and instruments, and filling matterials
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2 Types of localization
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buccal object rule (Same=Lingual, Opposite=Buccal) Right angle technique
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dental radiographs should always be mounted when
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immediately after processing
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purpose of paralleling technique
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aind in the diagnosis of diseases, lesions, and conditions that can not be identified clinically
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Periapical (PA)
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entire tooth and supporting structure, 2-3mm of bone around apex needed
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bite-wing (BW)
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interproximal surfaces of crowns of upper and lower and crestal bone, open contacts only-no overlap, vertical bitewing used on anteriors
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occlusal film sizes
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2 (kids) and 4 (adults)
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intraoral film sizes
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0-child, 1-narrow anterior, 2-adult, 3-preformed bitewing, 4-occlusal
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routine bite-wings
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2,4, or 6 film set, taken every 6 months, 1 year, or 2 years
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FMX (Full mouth survey)
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both BW and PA, taken once every 3-5 yrs, average adult has 18-20 films (14-16 Pa and 4-6 bw)
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only use bisecting when
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absolutely cannot get film parallel to the teeth
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paralleling technique is also known as
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long gone, right angle, extension cone
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XCP
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most common, 3 colors...(extension cone paralleling)
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horizontal angulations in paralleling
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centrals=0, molar=80-90, premolar=70-80. canine=45
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torus
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bony growth on top of mouth
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tori
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mandibular growths
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edentulous spaces
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no teeth
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bisecting is also known as
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the short cone technique
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unguided film holders
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snap-a-ray, stabe, bite tabs
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vertical angulation of bisecting
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central ray perpendicular to film and long axis of tooth
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horizontal angulation of bisecting
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central ray through contact areas of teeth
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Before processing
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film
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after processing
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radiograph
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film base
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made of clear cellulose aceptate, transparent, blue tint
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adhesive layer
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covers both sides fo film base, serves to attach film enulsion to both sides of base
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emulsion
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contains silver halide crystals, silver bromide, silver iodide 80-90% silver bromide, 1-10% iodide....suspended in gel
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protective layer
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thin coating that protects from scratches and damage
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intraoral film
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emulsion on both sides because requires less radiation
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the larger the crystals...
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the faster the film speed
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speed a-f
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slowest to fastest D&F are only available
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lead foil prevents
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back-scattering
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herringbone
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if film packet is placed backwards in mouth, the foil is visible on a developed radiograph
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cephalometric film
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shows bones of face and skull and the soft tissue palate
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intensifying screen
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used with external radiography on one side of the film
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Calcium Tungstate
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intensifying screen crystal, gives off blue light and must pair with blue-sensitive film
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rare earth phosphors
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intensifying screen-crystal, gives off green light and must pair with green-sensitive film
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duplicating film
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emulsion on one side, exposed to light it will turn light after developing
