Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 12 Blood Study Guide – Flashcards
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What is plasma?
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The liquid portion of the blood.
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what is the percentage of red blood cells to total volume of blood?
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45%
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What is a hematocrit?
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The measurement of blood cells or blood particles in percentages as compared to total blood volume.
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What is another word for red blood cell?
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Ethrocyte
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What substance in red blood cells carries oxygen?
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Hemoglobin
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What cells are red blood cells formed from?
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hematopoietic stem cells, or hemocytoblasts
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Review the chart on page 320 of the Hole's anatomy book
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what does the hormone ethropoietin do?
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Controls the rate of red blood cell formation through negative feedback
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What is the major dietary factor affecting red blood cell formation?
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the availability of B-complex vitamins such as B12 and folic acid.
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What is anemia?
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a condition of the blood in which the amount of red blood cells is insufficient, or their ability to contain hemoglobin is impeded.
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What is Hemochromatosis?
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a condition in which the small intestine absorbs iron at ten times the normal rate. This results in toxic buildup of iron in organs.
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What is the function of Macrophages?
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They function to phagocytize and destroy damaged red blood cells , mostly in the liver and spleen
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explain the breakdown of Hemoglobin
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When liberated from red blood cells, they break down into their four component polpeptde globin chains, each surrounding a heme group, This further breaks down into iron and a greenish pigment called biliverdin. Iron usually transported into bone marrow for synthesis of new hemoglobin.
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what is bilirubin?
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orange pigment derived from biliverdin
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What is another word for White blood cell?
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Leukocyte
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what are the functions of Leukocytes?
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serve to protect against disease
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Where are Leukocytes formed?
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red bone marrow
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what is the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?
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granulocytes are leukocytes with granular cytoplasm.
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what are the three granulocytes?
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neutrophils eosinophils basophils
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Neutrophils
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granules: fine, purple nucleus: lobed, two to five secitons Percentage: 54-62% of all leukocytes
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Eosionophils
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granules:coarse, uniform, deep red nucleus: bilobed percentage: 1-3%
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Basophils
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Granules: few, irregular, deep blue nucleus: bilobed percentage: less that 1%
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What are the two agranulocytes?
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Monocytes, Lymphocyte
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Monocytes
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Largest, two to three times larger than RBCs, variable nucleus, 3-9% of leukocytes
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Lymphocytes
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slightly larger than ethrocytes, large round nucleus, 25-33% of luekocytes.
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What is the squeezing between blood vessel walls called?
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Diapedesis
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what is the WBC's self-propultion called?
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amoeboid motion
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What do monocytes become when they leave the bloodstream?
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macrophages
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Neutrophils and monocytes both contain _____
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lysosomes
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What do eosinophils do?
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attracted to, can kill certain parasites. Also help control inflamation and allergic reactions by removing biochemicals.
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What do basophils do?
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they migrate do damaged tissues and release heparin, which inhibits blood clotting, and histamine, which promotes inflammation, increasing blood flow to injured tissues for repair and regeneration.
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What do lymphocytes do?
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produce atibbodies that attack specific foreign substances that enter the body.
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What constitutes leykocytosis?
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A WBC count of over 11,000
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What constitutes leukopenia?
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a WBC count of under 4,000
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What is another name for platelets?
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thrombocytes
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(review chart on page 327)
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What cells form platelets?
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Megakarocytes
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What does the hormone thrombopoietin do?
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stimulates megakaryocytes to develop from hematopoitic stem cells.
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What is the average platelet count per microliter of blood?
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130000 to 360000
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What does plasma consist of?
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92% water, rest is organic and inorganic biochemicals.
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what are the three kinds of protiens in plasma?
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Albumin globulin fibrinogen
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Albumins
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percentage: 60 origin: liver Function: maintains colloid osmotic pressure
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Globulin
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percentage: 36%
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Alpha globulins
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origin: liver function: transports lipids and fat soluable vitamins
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beta globulins
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origin: liver functions: transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins
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Gamma globulins
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origin: lymphatic tissues function: constitues a type of antibody
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Fibrinogen
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percentage:4% origin: liver Function: key role in blood coagulation
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What are the three most present gases in blood?
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oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen
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What are the two useful gases in blood?
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oxygen and carbon dioxide
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what are the nonprotein nitrogenous substances?
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Amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, creatinine.
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what are the plasma electrolytes?
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sodium, potassium, clacium, magnesium, chloride, birarbonate, phosphate, sulfate ions.
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What is the stoppage of bleeding?
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Hemostatsis
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what is a vasospasm?
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a contractile response of smooth muscle in small blood vessels when damaged.
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What is serotonin?
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substance that is released by platelets which contracts smooth muscles in blood vessel walls
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review chart on page 330
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What does coagulation refer to?
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the formation of a blood clot.
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What are clotting factors?
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chemicals utilized in clotting that may help or inhibit clotting
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What is the function of fibrin?
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fibrin is threads of protien that stick to the surfaces of damaged blood vessel, creating a meshwork that entraps blood vessels and helps to form a blood clot
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What is serum?
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clear yellow liquid that is plamsa without the clotting factors
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What is a thrombus?
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a blood clot abnormally formed in a blood vessel
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what is an embolus?
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a blood clot that has been dislodged and carried away in blood flow
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review coagulation disorders
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