Heart study guide – Flashcards
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heart structures
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3 layers: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
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heart structures
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3 layers: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
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endocardium
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the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves
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myocardium
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cardiac muscle, thick middle muscle layer of the heart; pumps blood through the circulatory system
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epicardium
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outermost layer of the heart , the visceral pericardium adheres to the surface of the heart, forming the heart's outermost layer
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mediastinum
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the part of the thoracic cavity between the lungs that contains the heart and aorta and esophagus and trachea and thymus
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The right side pulmonary
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movement of blood through the lungs and the pulmonary artery
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The left side systemic
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This side of the heart receives blood from the lungs.
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apex
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the pointed end of the heart which extends slightly to the left and rests on the diaphragm
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Apex Base
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S1 sounds are heard louder at the __________. And S2 sounds are heard louder at the ____________.
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Base of heart
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-faces posteriorly, superiorly, and towards the right shoulder - greatvessels, like the aorta and pulmonary trunk arise from the heart -base is named in reference to the shape of the heart (conical)
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right side vs. the left side of the heart?
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right ventricle
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right ventricle: the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk
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left ventricle
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left ventricle: the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta
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right atrium
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right atrium: the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus
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left atrium
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the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins
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pericardial layers
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-heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium Parietal Pericardium (pericardial sac) Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)
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CO2
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Carbon Dioxide
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vena cava
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largest vein in the body , either of two large veins that return oxygen-depleted blood to the right atrium of the heart
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Pulmonary circulation
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circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gases
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The Left side heart
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Pumps blood to the rest of the body., receives blood full of oxygen from the lungs and pumps it through the aorta into the arteries.
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The right side heart
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Pumps blood to the lungs, receives blood from the great veins known as the inferior and superior venae cavae and pumps blood to the lungs.
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pericardial layers
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-heart is enclosed in a double-walled sac called the pericardium Parietal Pericardium (pericardial sac) Visceral Pericardium (epicardium)
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Parietal pericardium
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Parietal pericardium: the tough outermost layer of the pericardium that is attached to the diaphragm and the sternum
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fibrous pericardium
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fibrous pericardium: tough, white fibrous connective tissue that is the outer layer of the pericardium
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serous pericardium
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serous pericardium: secretes serous fluid , Inner layer of the pericardium; a layer of flat epithelial cells
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parietal layer
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Parietal layer: Outer layer, lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium.
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visceral layer
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visceral layer: lines the surface of the heart
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pericarditis
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pericarditis: inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart. When the membranous sac surrounding the heart becomes inflamed. Causes: viral, bacterial, fungal or parasitic. Severe pain on anterior surface of chest over heart & pericardial friction rub. Pain may radiate.
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three layers of the heart wall
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three layers of the heart wall : Outer: epicardium (viseral pericardium); middle layer : myocardium; inner layer: endocardium
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epicardium
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Simple squamous epithelium, contains mesothelium w/ CT; vessels and adipose tissue lie beneath this layer
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epicardium tissues
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Simple squamous epithelium
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myocardium
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cardiac muscle tissue
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endocardium
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The inner layer, or________________ consists of epithelium and connective tissue with many elastic and collagenous fibers
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systemic circulation
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systemic circulation: circulation that supplies blood to all the body except to the lungs
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pulmonary circulation
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pulmonary circulation: circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs
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coronary arteries
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coronary arteries: blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
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veins
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veins: blood vessels that carry waste containing blood from the tissues back to the heart
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blockage arteries
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blockage arteries can be caused by: Reverse of normal blood flow, high pressure to low pressure changes; branches of subclavian artery connects with branches of 3rd part of axillary artery
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systolic
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systolic: contraction of the ventricles, the blood pressure during that part of the heartbeat when the heart's ventricles are contracted and the blood is being pushed out into the arteries.
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diastolic
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diastolic: relaxation, second/lower number of pressure respresenting the pressure within the artery between beats. Blood enters the relaxed chambers and the lungs.
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valvular
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relating to or operating by means of valves
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ausculatory
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AV valves
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semilunar valves
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pulmonary valve and aortic valve
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heart murmur
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heart murmur: an abnormal sound of the heart, A heart sound that reflects damaged or abnormal heart valves.
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Valvular insufficiency
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Valvular insufficiency: incomplete closure of a valve which permits regurgitation of the blood
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Stenosis
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Stenosis: abnormal narrowing of a bodily canal or passageway
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Mitral valve prolapse
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Mitral valve prolapse: Abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction.
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Functional murmur
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Functional murmur: a murmur that is due to increased blood flow in the heart
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conduction system of the heart
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conduction system of the heart: consists of specialized cardiac muscle cells that conduct an electrical impulse throughout the myocardium
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EKG
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EKG: a graphical recording of the cardiac cycle produced by an electrocardiograph
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QRS
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QRS: the period during which the ventricles are depolarizing, which precedes their contraction; repolarization of atria occurs
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T waves
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T waves: The upright, flat, or inverted wave following the QRS complex of the ECG, representing ventricular repolarization
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P: pulse
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tachycardia
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tachycardia: abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)
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bradycardia
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bradycardia: slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute
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flutter
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flutter: abnormally rapid beating of the auricles of the heart (especially in a regular rhythm)
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heart block
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heart block: an interference with the normal electrical conduction of the heart defined by the location of the block
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ventricular fibrillation
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ventricular fibrillation: This is a chaotic rapid rhythm in which the ventricles quiver and there is no CARDIAC OUTPUT. No pulse, BP, respirations or heart sounds. Is fatal.
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cardiac output
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cardiac output: the amount of blood pumped out by the ventricles in a given period of time
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factors heart rate
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widow maker
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coronary artery widow maker
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bicuspid
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aortic semilunar
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pulmonary circulation
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SA node
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a specialized bit of heart tissue that controls the heartbeat
