question

Fnet*t=mv-mv0

answer

law of impulse and momentum

question

Vector

answer

Impulse V or S

question

Vector

answer

Momentum V or S

question

Kgm/s or N*s

answer

SI units for Impulse and Momentum

question

Momentum

answer

Sum of individual momenta

question

Conserved

answer

Total momentum is

question

m1v1+m2v2=m1v1'+m2v2'

answer

Law of elastic collision

question

m1v1+m2v2=v'(m1+m2)

answer

Law of inelastic collision

question

m1v1'=m2v2'

answer

Law when both objects have an initial velocity of 0

question

KE=1/2mv^2

answer

Law of Kinetic Energy

question

PE=mgy

answer

Law of Potential Energy

question

Kgm^2/s^2

answer

Units for energy

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Scalar

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Energy V or S

question

ME=KE+PE

answer

Law of mechanical energy

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Mechanical energy is conserved

answer

When forces other than gravity do no work

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Atoms

answer

Matter is made of atoms

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Ancient Greeks

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These philosophers thought that all matter interactions are determined by interactions amount the constituent atoms

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Democritus

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Most famous Greek atomist

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Dalton

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Observed around the year 1803 certain mass rations in chemical reactions (such as oxygen to hydrogen ration of 1:2 when combining into water

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Quantum Mechanics

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Turned particles into waves and waves into particles Beginning of the 20th century

question

J.J Thomson

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In 1910 discovered negatively charged elector on were known as constituents of matter Discovered electron mass and charge Thought that electrons should be evenly spread throughout matter

question

Rutherford

answer

In 1911 he took thin gold foils and directed alpha radiation at them. Discovered that most of the alpha radiation passed through the gold foil without much deflection

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Alpha radiation

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Discovered by Marie Curie Positively charged particles (later known as helium nuclei) Emitted in a radioactive decay from a naturally radioactive substance

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Alpha particles

answer

Could penetrate through the densely packed gold foil

question

Why most of the alpha radiation passed through the gold foil without much deflection

answer

Momentum considerations tell us that electrons that are 7400 times lighter than alpha particles should not deflect alphas much

question

Backwards recoil

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Could only be possible if there were some very heavy, yet very localized , and charged, particles inside the matter.

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Positively charged particles, heavy atomic nuclei, gold nuclei

answer

Particles that had infrequent backwards recoil

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Positive particle

answer

Diameter of nucleus was is about 10000 times smaller than the size of the individual, tightly packed atoms

question

Negatively charged electrons

answer

Circle around the heavy positively charged nuclei

question

Stable nucleus, proton at rest

answer

One proton nucleus and a single electron Encircled by matter wave of a single electron

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Standing electron waves

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The most stable state of a quantum mechanical atom

question

For an electron to collapse into the nucleus

answer

10000 times higher momentum 10000 times smaller the distance

question

Small atoms

answer

Stable in nature

question

Weak and strong electromagnetic force

answer

2 fundamental forces in nature besides gravity

question

Weak force

answer

Responsible for atoms, molecules, optics, metals, semiconductors

question

Strong force

answer

Responsible for atomic nuclei and radioactivity

question

Electrons, explains why atoms are mostly empty and why nuclei are dense and small

answer

Only feel the weak electromagnetic force and do not feel the strong force

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Constituents of nuclei

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Feel both the strong force and weak electromagnetic force

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Weak force

answer

Causes electrons to be much more widely spaced from the nucleus than the particles that interact via strong force

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Electromagnetic force

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Acts between electrically charged particles

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Photons

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Electromagnetic force carriers

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Weak electromagnetic force

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Responsible for the shape and size of all electronic clouds that surround all known atomic nuclei and create electrically neutral atoms

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Residual force

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Between between electrically neutral atoms is responsible for all millions of different molecules and for all chemistry

question

1A, Angstrom, 0.1nm, 10^-10m

answer

The characteristic length scale of the weak force is

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Strong force

answer

Acts between particles that have color charge.

question

Up and down quarks

answer

Elementary particles that carry color charge are

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Gluons

answer

The color force carriers

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Color force

answer

Is responsible for stability and size of the color neutral proton, and color neutral Neuton.

question

Up, up and down quarks

answer

Color neutral proton made of

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Down, down, and up quarks

answer

Color neutral neutron made of

question

protons and neutrons

answer

All known different atomic nuclei of all 110 or so atoms can be thought as being made of protons and neutrons

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Nuclear physics

answer

Is the chemistry of strong force.

question

1fm, femtometer, or 10^-15m

answer

The characteristic length scale of objects bound together by strong force is

question

2000 electron masses

answer

The mass of a proton and neutron is about

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up quark u, down quark d

answer

Strong force elementary particles

question

Electron e-, neutrino v

answer

Weak force elementary particles

question

Gluon g

answer

Strong force elementary force carrier

question

Photon Y

answer

Weak force elementary force carrier

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Proton p (uud)

answer

Strong force simples composite "hydrogen atom"

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Hydrogen atom H (p+e-), positronium (e+e-)

answer

Weak Force Simplest composite "Hydrogen atom"

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Neutron n (ddu)

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Strong force other atoms

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He, Li

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Weak Force other atoms

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He4 nucleus, other nuclei

answer

Storing force molecules

question

H2, H20, C2H4, ...

answer

Weak force molecules

question

Strong force chemisty

answer

Nuclear reactions, nuclear energy, radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma decay)

question

Weak for chemistry

answer

Chemical reactions like 2H20-> O2 + 2H2, chemical energy, proteins, DNA, biology

question

Atom

answer

Is a basic constituent of matter that consists of a heavy, positively charged nucleus and a negatively charged electronic cloud.

question

1 Angstrom, 10^-10m

answer

Atomic sizes are of the order of

question

110

answer

How many different atoms Relatively stable nuclei

question

82

answer

How many atoms are absolutely stable

question

Electronic clouds

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Consist of musicale electrons (electron waves) arrange themselves around the nucleus such that the atom is neutral and of lowest possible energy

question

Element

answer

Is matter consisting of atoms of the same type

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Molecules

answer

Electrically neutral atoms attract each other through residual electromagnetic force and form

question

Molecules

answer

Are bound states of multiple atoms (can be all the same or different)

question

Compound

answer

Is a molecule consisting of different atoms

question

Neutral

answer

Most matter around us is electrically

question

Negative ions

answer

Are atoms which have more electrons than protons

question

Positive ions

answer

Are atoms which have more protons than electrons

question

Neutrons and protons

answer

Each atomic nucleus consists of Each have the same mass

question

Neutrons

answer

Neutral

question

Protons

answer

Have a positive electric charge exactly opposite to that of an electron

question

Isotopes

answer

Are atoms of the same element that have same number of protons in the nucleus, therefore the same nuclear electric charge. They also have same number of electrons Different number of neutrons and different mass

question

Isotopes

answer

Have the same electronic structure and same chemical reactivity because the nucleus is already so much heavier than electrons that one more electrically neutral neutron won't make a difference in electron cloud around the nucleus

question

radioactivity

answer

The decay of the atomic nucleus

question

decay over time

answer

Isotopes with highly unbalanced (very high or very low) number of neutron will

question

Beta B+ decay, Beta B- decay, alpha a decay, nuclear fission, proton emission, neutron emission

answer

The unstable nuclei decay primarily through

question

Beta B+ decay

answer

Emission of a positron, an antiparticle of an electron

question

Beta B- decay

answer

Emission of an electron

question

Alpha a decay

answer

Emission of a helium 4 nucleus

question

Nuclear fission

answer

Break up of a large nucleus into two smaller ones

question

John Alexander Reina Newlands

answer

A British chemist, noticed the repeating pattern of elements arranged by atomic weight where every eight element had similar chemical properties. He called this the Law of octaves 1865

question

Noble gases

answer

Last column Highly inert, and do not bind to themselves or other elements They provide a big clue to the electronic structure

question

Completely filled outer electronic shell

answer

In a shell model of electronic orbitals, noble gases have

question

Alkali Metals

answer

First column They have one electron surplus beyond the closed she'll and bind readily with other atoms

question

Alkaline earth metals

answer

Column 2 Bind readily

question

Transition Metals

answer

3rd through 12th column Have complex electronic structures

question

Transition Metals

answer

Lanthanides and Actindes are

question

Halogens

answer

Next to last column Lock one electron to get their outer, valence she'll completed They are highly reactive and like to bind with metals, especially alkali metals

question

Non metals

answer

Upper triangle C, N, O, P, S, and SE

question

Law of Octaves

answer

8 groups

question

2 electrons of different spin

answer

Hydrogen orbitals can be occupied by

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