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The picturesque

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an eighteenth-century theory which stressed notions such as variety, irregularity, ruggedness, singularity and chiaroscuro [...] in the appreciation of landscape" (English Literature in Context, p. 354)

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Samuel Taylor Coleridge

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author's name of one of the most representative of English ballad tradition that tells some kind of narrative with the title 'The rime of the ancient mariner'.

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Lake Poets

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Group of English poets who lived in the Lake District of England who were part of the Romantic Movement and named deprecatingly so by The Edinburgh Review. Main figures of the "Lake School" were Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth and Robert Southey

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Cockney School

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Dismissive term, first used in a scathing review in Blackwood`s Magazine, to name a group of English poets and essayist writing in the last decades of the 19th century. Main figures of this group were Leigh Hunt, William Hazlit, John Keats and Percy B. Shelley

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Ellen Alleyn

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Penname of Christina Rosseti, author of "Goblin Market" and other Poems and who contriuted several poems to the Pre-Raphaelite journal The Germ.

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Currer / Ellis / Acton Bell

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Pseudonyms of the sisters Charlotte, Emily and Anne Brontë

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Aurora Leigh

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A verse novel by Elizabeth Barrett Browning and the first work in English by a woman writer in which the heroine herself is an author.

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Bildungsroman

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A german term that designates a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood in which character change is extremely important. Also coming-of-age story.

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the sublime and the beautiful

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Two aesthetic categories -of capital significance for the romantics- defined in opposition to each other by Edmund Burke in his most famous essay, in which he argued that one is triggered by 'great and terrible objects' whereas the other is a product of 'small and pleasing ones'.

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Adonais

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Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote an elegy on Keats' death in 1821, what was the title?

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penny press

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term designating affordable and usually sensacional popular ficción, sometimes known as 'penny dreadfuls' and 'shilling shockers'.

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The Edinburgh

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A leading literary review of nineteenth century sympathetic to the Whig, professional and liberal intellectual audience. Its editor was Francis Jeffrey

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The Quarterly

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A leading literary review of nineteenth century sympathetic to the conservative and Tory cause, regarding itself as the 'literary police'. It was supportive of the 'Lake School'

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pantisocracy

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Term coined by Coleridge signifying an equal rule by all, an ideal democratic community that Coleridge and Robert Southey planned to establish in America.

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The Industrial Revolution

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is defined as the application of power-driven machinery to the manufacturing of goods and commodities.

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Thomas Pain´s " Agrarian Justice

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claimed that land rights derived from commonality and argued for a land tax to militate against rural poverty.

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The Royal Academy

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was founded in 1768 with Sir Joshua Reynolds as it first president. It became the nation´s most powerful institution for the visual arts.

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Enclosure

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refers to the conversion of common land and strip-based open-field farming into compact and contained holdings enabling more efficient and sustained farming.

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Methodism

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was a movement begun in the eighteenth century as a religious society that wished to reform the Church of England from within. Founded by John Wesley.

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Lithography

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was invented in 1798. This is a mechanical process in wich the printing and non printing areas of the plate are all at the same level, allowed printing in colour.

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First Generation of the Romantic Poets

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Blake, Wordsworth and Coleridge.

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II Generation of the Romantic Poets

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Byron, Shelley and Keats

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Earl Stanhope

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Iron platen press.

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Evangelism

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renewed faith in a Gospel-based Christianity, had its origins in the early to mid-eighteenth century. Evangelicals believed in the importance of preaching the Word to all.

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The Grand Style

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Called by Reynolds, the highest genre of oil painting was that of the history painting, depicting figures from the Bible, mythology or national history.

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Jane Eyre

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the title of the book in which the author makes fascinating and disturbing use of the country's colonial heritage of the Creole woman Bertha Mason.

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Mental theatre

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Term Lord Byron gave to closet drama, the major dramatic form for Romantic writers; drama to be read but nor performed.

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The Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhoood

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Painters, poets and sculptors who sought to counter what they believed was the Royal Academy's slavish deference to the formalism typified by the late Renaissance masters who followed Rafaello.

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The slave narrative

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Was a special and popular form of autobiography. Olaudah Equiano´s ( or Gustavus Vassa) Narrative was one of the most famous one but several important life stories by former slaves were published at that time.

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The Man of feeling

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Henry Mckenzie's work where portrayed the fear that men were becoming feminised due to consumerism and fashion sensibility.

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Abolitionism

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Generally refers to the political and cultural movement directed against the British Atlantic trade in slaves.

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Della Cruscans

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Group of poets, founded by Robert Merry, that produced a series of rhetorically ornate and emotional poems of sensibility which may have influenced the young romantics.

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Sir Walter Scott

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Many of his novels are about conflicts between opposing cultures: Ivanhoe (1819) is about war between Normans and Saxons and The Talisman (1825) is about conflict between Christians and Muslims. ELC, page 365.

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Goblin Market

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Poem by Christina Rossetti / part fairy tale, part allegory, this situates within its story of two sisters a range of Victorian preoccupations: economic, sexual and religious.

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Lord Byron

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The most notable exponent of the Oriental tale in the Romantic period and a major practitioner of the form of the Romantic verse narrative. he is the author of the popular "Turkish Tales".

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Jacobin Novels

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Novels that "involved plots where innocent individuals are pursued and imprisoned under an unjust social system."

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Multiplot novel

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A multi-volume work casting its representational net over a panoramic cast of characters. Many dozens of Victorian novels fit this bill, among them Dicken´s "bleak house" and "little Dorrit" and George Eliot´s "Middlemarch" and "Daniel Deronda"

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Anna Laetitia Barbauld

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A political opponent to the Lake poets argues for the identical linkage between colonization language and culture in (her poem) Eighteen Hundred and Eleven and anticipates 19th century British cultural imperialism, a process by which the colonized accept the hegemony of the cultural imperialism.

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Doppelgänger tale

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A story that either revolves around two central characters functioning as doubles of one another or, alternatively, to a fiction about an individual whose personality is divided". (English Literature in Context, p. 501)

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Dramatic monologue

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A poetic formed employed by Robert Browning, that enabled him through imaginary speakers to avoid explicit autobiography.

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Sprung rhythm

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The new metric system created by Gerard Manley Hopkins, who argued it was the natural rhythm of common speech and written prose.

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Philosophy of laissez faire:

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the general welfare can be ensure only by the free operation of economic laws; the government should maintain a policy of strict noninterference and leave people to pursue, unfettered, their private interests".

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Familiar essay

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Intimate-feeling commentaries, often presented as if prompted by incidents in the authors' private lives, on an eclectic range of topics, developed by Hazlitt, Lamb and De Quincey in the London Magazine".

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Illuminated printing

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Relief etching used by William Blake in his books of poems. This term, used by him, associated his works with the illuminated manuscripts of the Middle Ages.

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The New Woman

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Recognisable literary figure and a social reality, it refers to new women who demonstrated their independence from restrictive domestic ideology by flouting conventional feminine behaviour.

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Social Darwinism

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Idea that people, like plants and animals, are subject to the processes of natural selection.

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Pisan circle

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A picturesque group of friends to which Percy Shelley, Lord Byron, Thomas Medwin and some others artists belonged.

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John Locke

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a celebrated physician and philosopher of the Enlightenment who developed the theory of the association of ideas.

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The Apostles

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Exclusive secret society of undergraduates at Cambridge for the discussion of serious questions and whose members included some of the most influential poets and philosophers of the time such as Alfred Tennyson

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In Memoriam

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An elegy written by Lord Tennyson in 1850 upon the death of his friend Arthur Hallam

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The Idylls of the King

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A large-scale epic based on the Arthurian legend by means of which the laureated poet Arthur Tennyson constructs a vision of civilization's rise and fall.

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The Charge of the Light Brigade

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One of the so called "newsparer verse" by his author, Alfred Tennyson, praising the courage of English soldiers during a battle of the Crimean War

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Mariana

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A lyric poem by Lord Tennyson homomym with one of the centerpieces of Pre-Raphaelite painting

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The mirror of literature, amusement and instruction

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New generation of cheap, mass-produced journals for the working class began to emerge in 1920s with titles such as:

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Romantic period

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Provides a narrative of the major social, political and cultural trends which occurred between the years 1780 and 1832 and which impacted on the literature produced by men and women who lived through them.

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Robert Burns

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A 'highly sofisticated and intellectual' Romantic poet, who wrote his poems in Scots.

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The Angel in the House

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A poem by Coventry Patmore, published in 1856, stressing the value of a woman's purity and selflessness

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John Clare

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A poet and a rural labourer, who protested against enclosure, the loss of peasant's costumary rights and the "improvement" of the landed state at the cost of the great many families who had to leave the countyside and go live in the slums of big cities.

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Nether Stowey

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The village in Somersetshire where S. T. Coleridge lived, in whose proximity Wordsworth rented Alfoxton House. In that village they produced the Lyrical Ballads, with a Few Other Poems.

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Robert Browing

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A poet, regarded forerruner of twentieth-century literature, who experimented with the "dranatic monologue", language and sintax and whose style both, shows affinities with Donne's and separates from the Victorian's.

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Solipsism

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The philosophical idea, confronted by Hopkins in his "terrible sonnets", that only one's mind is sure to exist

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Inscape

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Term coined by Gerard Manley Hopkins to refer to the essential individuality of a thing. It focuses on the unifying design that confers this thing its distinctive characteristics and relates it to its context. On the other hand, the act of an human being recognizing the inscape of other beings is called by Hopkins "instress".

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