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somatic symptom disorder

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syndrome marked by health concerns that are excessive given actual physical health, that persist despite contrary evidence, and that interfere with daily funcitoning

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illness anxiety disorder

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form of anxiety characterized by a preoccupation with fears of having a serious medical illness based on misinterpretations of bodily sensations

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conversion disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)

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syndrome in which a sudden loss of functioning in a part of the body, usually following an extreme psychological stressor

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factitious disorder

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deliberately faking physical or mental illness to gain medical attention

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malingering

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feigning of a symptom or a disorder for the purpose of avoiding an unwanted situation, such as military service

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factitious disorder imposed on another

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individual creates an illness in another individual in order to gain their attention

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dissociation

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process whereby different facets of an individual's sense of self, memories, or consciousness become split off from one another

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dissociative identity disorder

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syndrome in which a person develops more than one distinct identity or personality, each of which can have distinct facial and verbal expressions, gestures, interpersonal styles, attitudes and even physiological responses

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dissociative amnesia

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loss of memory for important facts about a person's own life and personal identity, usually including the awareness of this memory loss

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organic amnesia

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Loss of memory caused by brain injury resulting from disease, drugs, accidents, or surgery

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anterograde amnesia

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Deficit in the ability to learn new information

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psychogenic amnesia

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Loss of memory in the absence of any brain injury or disease and thought to have psychological causes

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retrograde amnesia

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Deficit in the ability to recall previously learned information or past events

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dissociative fugue

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disorder in which a person moves away and assumes a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity

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depersonalization/derealization disorder

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syndrome marked by frequent episodes of feeling detached from one's own body and mental processes, as if one were an outside observer of oneself; symptoms must cause significant distress or interference with one's ability to function

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bipolar disorder

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Disorder - cycles between manic episodes and depressive episodes; also called manic-depression

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mania

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state of persistently elevated mood, feelings of grandiosity, over enthusiasm, racing thoughts, rapid speech, and impulsive action

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depression

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State marked by either a sad mood or a loss of interest in one's usual activities, as well as psychomotor agitation or retardation, and trouble concentrating

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depressive disorders

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A set of disorders characterized by depressed mood

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major depressive disorder

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A severe bout of depressive symptoms lasting 2 weeks or more

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persistent depressive disorder

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chronic form of depression that continues for at least 2 years. Can be less severe than major depression or intermittent or persistent major depression episodes

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seasonal affective disorder

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disorder identified by 2 year period in which a person experiences major depression during winter months and then recovers fully during the summer; some people with this disorder also experience mild mania during summer months

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premenstrual dysphoric disorder

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a set of symptoms occurring immediately prior to onset of menses - mixture of depression, anxiety and tension, and irritability and anger; may occur in mood swings during the week before menses and subside once menses have begun

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bipolar I disorder

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Form of bipolar disorder in which the full symptoms of mania are experienced; depressive aspects may be more infrequent or mild

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bipolar II disorder

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Form of bipolar disorder in which only hypomanic episodes are experienced and the depressive component is more pronounced

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hypomania

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State in which an individual shows mild symptoms of mania

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cyclothymic disorder

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Milder but more chronic form of bipolar disorder that consists of alternation between hypomanic episodes and mild depressive episodes over a period of at least 2 years

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rapid cycling bipolar I or bipolar II disorder

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When a person has 4 or more cycles of mania and depression in 1 year

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disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

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A disorder in children - immature and inappropriate temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion to a situation in intensity and duration

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monoamines

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neurotransmitters, including catecholamines and serotonin, that have been implicated in the mood disorders

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norepinephrine

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neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood

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serotonin

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neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood and impulsive responses

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dopamine

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neurotransmitter in the brain, excess of amounts of which have been thought to cause schizophrenia

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behavioral theories of depression

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Theories that view depression as resulting from negative life events that represent a reduction in positive reinforcement; sympathetic responses to depressive behavior then serve as positive reinforcement for the depression itself

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learned helplessness theory

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view that exposure to uncontrollable negative events lead to a belief in one's inability to control important outcomes and a subsequent loss of motivation, indecisiveness, and failure of action

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negative cognitive triad

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perspective seen in depressed people in which they have negative views of themselves, of the world, and of the future

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reformulated learned helplessness theory

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view that people who attribute negative events to internal, stable, and global causes are more likely than other people to experience learned helplessness deficits following such events and thus are predisposed to depression

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interpersonal theories of depression

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theories that view the causes of depression as rooted in interpersonal relationships

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rejection sensitivity

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tendency to be hypervigilant and overreactive to signs of rejection from others

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cohort effect

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effect that occurs when people born in one historical period are at different risk for a disorder than are people born in another historical period

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SSRIs, tricyclic antidepressants, monoamine oxidase inhibitors

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classes of antidepressant drugs

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SNRIs

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drugs that affect both the serotonin system and the norepinephrine system and are used to treat anxiety and depression

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norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor

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drugs used to treat depression; inhibit the reuptake of both norepinephrine and dopamine

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

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biological treatment that exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses that are focused on particular brain structures in order to stimulate those structures

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vagas nerve stimulation

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treatment in which vagas nerve is stimulated by a small electronic device much like a cardiac pacemaker, which is surgically implanted under a patient's skin in the left chest wall

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deep brain stimluation

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procedure to treat depression in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain and connected to a pulse

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light therapy

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treatment for seasonal affective disorder that involves exposure to bright lights during winter months

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behavioral therapy

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therapy that changing a person's specific behaviors by replacing unwanted behaviors with desired ones

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ISRT

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treatment for people with bipolar disorder that helps them manage their social relationships and daily rhythms to try to prevent relapse

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family-focused therapy

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treatment for people with bipolar in which patients and their families are given edu about bipolar and training in communication and problem-solving skills

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PSYCHOSIS

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State involving a loss of contact with reality as well as an inability to differentiate between reality and one's subjective state.

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schizophrenia*

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Disorder consisting of unreal or disorganized thoughts and perceptions as well as verbal, cognitive, and behavioral deficits.

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schizophrenia spectrum*

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Set of psychiatric disorders related to schizophrenia that vary along a severity continuum.

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positive symptoms*

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Hallucinations, delusions, and disorganization in thought and behavior.

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delusions*

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fixed beliefs with no basis in reality.

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delusion of reference*

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False belief that external events, such as other people's actions or natural disasters, relate somehow to oneself.

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persecutory delusions

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false, persistent beliefs that one is being followed by other people

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grandiose delusions

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false, persistent beliefs that one has superior talents and traits

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delusions of thought insertion

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beliefs that one's thoughts are being controlled by outside forces

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hallucinations*

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Perceptual experiences that are not real.

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formal thought disorder*

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state of highly disorganized thinking

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catatonia*

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group of disorganized behaviors that reflect an extreme lack of responsiveness to the outside world

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negative symptoms*

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deficits in functioning that indicate the absence of a capacity present in people without schizophrenia, such as restricted affect.

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restricted affect*

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A symptom in which emotional expression is reduced or absent

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avolition*

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Inability to persist at common goal-directed activities

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prodromal symptoms

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in schizophrenia, milder symptoms prior to an acute phase of the disorder during which behaviors are unusual and peculiar but not yet psychotic or completely disorganized

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residual symptoms

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symptoms after the acute phase

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schizoaffective disorder*

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disorder in which individuals simultaneously experience schizophrenic symptoms and mood symptoms meeting the criteria for a major depressive episode, a manic episode, or an episode of mixed mania/depression

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schizophreniform disorder*

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Disorder in which individuals meet the primary criteria for schizophrenia but show symptoms lasting only 1-6 months

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brief psychotic disorder*

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Disorder characterized by the sudden onset of delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior that lasts only 1 day - 1 month

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delusional disorder*

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Disorder characterized by delusions lasting at least 1 month regarding situations that occur in real life, such as being followed, poisoned, or deceived by a spouse or having a disease, but no other symptoms of schizophrenia

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schizotypal personality disorder*

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Chronic pattern of inhibited or inappropriate emotion and social behavior as well as aberrant cognitions and disorganized speech

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phenothiazines*

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drugs that reduce the functional level of dopamine in the brain and tend to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia

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neuroleptics*

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drugs used to treat psychotic symptoms

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mesolimbic pathway*

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subcortical part of the brain involved in cognition and emotion

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social drift*

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people with schizophrenia tend to have low social status

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expressed emotion

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family interaction style in which families are over-involved with each other, are over protective of the disturbed family member, and simultaneously are critical, hostile and resentful of him/her

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chlorpromazine*

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antipsychotic drug

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tardive dyskinesia*

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neurological disorder marked by involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth, or jaw from taking neuroleptic drugs

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assertive community treatment programs*

answer

system of treatment that provides comprehensive services to people with schizophrenia, employing the expertise of medical professionals, social workers, and psychologists to meet the variety of patients' needs 24 hours a day

Abnormal Psychology Chapter 6-10 – Flashcards

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