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models (paradigms)

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a set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations

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demonological model

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belief that mental illness was a sign of demonic possession or ill humor from divine/spirits

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biological model

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sees physical processes as a key to human behavior

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psychodynamic model

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focuses people's unconscious internal processes and conflicts

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behavioral model

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emphasizes behavior and ways it is learned

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cognitive model

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concentrates on the thinking that underlies behavior

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humanistic-existential model

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stresses the role of values and choices

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sociocultural model

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focuses on social and cultural forces as the keys to human functioning

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family-social perspective

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focuses on an individual's family and social interactions

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multicultural perspective

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emphasizes an individual's culture and the shared beliefs, values, and history of that culture

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neurons

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nerve cells in the brain

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Huntington's disease

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a disorder marked by violent emotional outbursts, memory loss, suicidal thinking, involuntary body movements, and absurd beliefs

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dendrites

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antenna-like extensions located at one end of the neuron

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axon

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a long fiber extending from the neuron's body

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synapse

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separates one neuron from the next

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Neurotransmitter

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Chemical released from axon to terminals

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depression

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linked to low activity of the neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine

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endocrine glands

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work along with neurons to control such vital activities as growth, reproduction, sexual activity, heart rate, body temperature, energy, and responses to stress

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endocrine system

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researchers have linked mental disorders to abnormal chemical activity focusing on neurons and neurotransmitters

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hormones

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chemical released into the bloodstream, then propel body organs into action

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adrenal glands

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located at the top of the kidneys secrete cortisol

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cortisol

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a hormone that helps the body deal with stress; lead to anxiety and mood disorders

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genes

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segments that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits; plays a part in mood disorders, schizophrenia and other mental disorders

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Human genome project

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scientists used the tools of molecular biology to map all of the genes in the human body in great detail

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mutation

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an abnormal form of the appropriate gene that emerges by accident

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evolutionary theorist

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argue that human reactions and the genes responsible for them have survived over the course of time because they have helped individuals to thrive and adapt

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schizophrenia

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a disordered marked by delusions, hallucinations, or other departures from reality

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three leading kinds of biological treatments:

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drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery

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psychotropic medications

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drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes

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four major types of psychotropic drugs:

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antianxiety, antidepressant, antibipolar, and antipsychotic drugs

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antianxiety drugs

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also called minor tranquilizers or anxiolytics; help reduce tension and anxiety

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antidepressant drugs

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help improve the mood of people who are depressed

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antibipolar drugs

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also called mood stabilizers; help stead the moods of those with a bipolar disorder

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bipolar disorder

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a condition marked by mood swings from mania to depression

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antipsychotic drugs

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help reduce the confusion, hallucinations, and delusions of psychotic disorders

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psychotic disorder

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ex. schizophrenia; disorder marked by a loss of contact with reality

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Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

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uses electricity to cause a brain seizure to help patients feel less depressed

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psychosurgery (or neurosurgery)

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brain surgery for mental disorders

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lobotomy

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a surgeon would cut the connections between the brain's frontal lobe and the lower regions of the brain

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Id

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the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

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pleasure principle

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always seeks gratification

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libido

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sexual energy

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Ego

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employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle

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reality principle

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the knowledge we acquire through experience that it can be unacceptable to press our id impulses outright

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ego defense mechanism

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strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse

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repression

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prevents unacceptable impulses from ever reaching consciousness

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superego

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represents a person's values and ideals

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fixated

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a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development

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free association

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a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

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resistance

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an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

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transference

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the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past

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dream

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a series of ideas and images that form during sleep

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manifest content

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the consciously remembered dream

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latent content

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dream's symbolic meaning

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catharisis

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a reliving of past pressed feelings

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working through

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the patient and therapist examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions, each time with greater clarity

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principles of learning

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the processes by which these behaviors change in response to the environment

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conditioning

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a simple form of learning

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operant conditioning

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a process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated

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modeling

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individuals learn responses simply by observing other individuals and repeating their behaviors

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classical conditioning

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learning occurs when two events repeatedly occur close together in time

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Ivan Pavlov

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a famous Russian physiologist; first demonstrated classical conditioning with animals

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systematic desensitization

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a behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread

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phobia

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a specific and unreasonable fear

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fear hieracrchy

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a list of feared objects or situations

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cognitive abilities

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special intellectual capacities to think, remember, and anticipate

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Albert Ellis and Aaron Beck

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proposed that cognitive processes are at the center of behaviors, thoughts and emotions and that we can best understand abnormal functioning by looking to cognition--the cognitive model

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overgeneralization

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the drawing of broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignficant event

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cognitive therapy

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a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes

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Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

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help clients to simply be mindful of and accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them

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humanists

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believe that human beings are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive

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self-actualization

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the humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth

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existentialists

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believe that human beings must be an accurate awareness of themselves and live meaningful lives in order to be psychologically well adjusted

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Carl Rogers

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pioneer of the humanistic perspective; believe the road to dysfunction begins in infancy

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client-centered therapy

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a warm and supportive approach that contrasted sharply with the psychodynamic techniques of the day

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conditions of worth

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standards that tell them they are lovable and acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines

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gestalt therapy

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the humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises

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skillful frustration

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gestalt therapists refuse to meet their clients' expectations and demands

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role-playing

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the therapist instruct clients to act out various roles

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existential therapy

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a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value

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family-social theorist focus on three kinds of factors:

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social labels and roles, social networks, and family structure and communication

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family systems theory

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a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

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group therapy

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a format in which a therapist meets with a group of clients who have similar problems

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self-help group (or mutual help group)

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a group made up of people with similar problems who help and support on e another without the direct leadership of a clinician

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family therapy

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a therapy format in which the therapist meets with all members of a family and helps them to change in therapeutic ways

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couple therapy (or marital therapy)

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a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship

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structural family therapy

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therapists try to change the family power structure, the roles each person plays, and the relationships between members

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conjoint family therapy

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therapists try to help members recognize and change harmful patterns communication

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cognitive-behavioral couple therapy

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uses many techniques from the cognitive and behavioral perspectives

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integrative couple therapy

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helps partners accept behaviors that they cannot change and embrace the whole relationship nevertheless

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community mental health treatment

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a treatment approach that emphasizes community care

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three types of prevention:

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primary, secondary, and tertiary

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primary prevention

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consists of efforts to improve community attitudes and policies

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secondary prevention

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consists of identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages, before they become serious

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tertiary prevention

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to provide effective treatment as soon as it is needed so that moderate or severe disorders do not become long-term problems

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culture-sensitive therapies

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approaches that seek to address the unique issues faces by members of cultural minority groups

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biopsychosocial theories

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state that abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural, and societal influences

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diathesis-stress explanation

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how the various factors work together to cause abnormal functioning

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