Abnormal Psychology and Life ch. 1-4 – Flashcards

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mental disorder
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group of emotional (feelings) and cognitive(thinking), or behavioral symptoms that cause distress or significant problems
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3 criteria to define abnormal behavior
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1. deviance from the norm 2. difficulty adapting to life demands 3. experience personal distress
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trephination or trepanning
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cutting a hole in the skull to release evil spirits; practice in the Middle Ages
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Hippocrates
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father of medicine; rejected the idea that demons and evil spirits cause abnormal behavior
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Middle Ages thoughts on abnormal behavior
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supernatural causes
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Renaissance on abnormal behavior
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rebirth of natural and scientific approaches; creation of asylums
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Phillipe Pinel
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leader in France that was shocked by horrible conditions of asylums; introduced humane treatetn
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Dorthea Dix
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American who made most significant improvements in treating mentally ill in America
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3 types of prevention
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1. primary-large groups BEFORE mental disorder is problem 2. Secondary- addresses emerging problems 3. Tertiary-reducing severity AFTER it has occurred
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Public stigma
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general disgrace conferred on people w/ mental disorders that result in prejudice(thoughts) and discrimination(actions)
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Neuron components
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cell body or soma, dendrites(reach out to pick up signals), axon(sends info.), terminal buttons(picks up neurotransmitters)
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Serotonin
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neurotransmitter linked to depression
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6 major neurotransmitter
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serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine, GABA, acetylcoline, glutamate
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Cerebral Hemispheres
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there are 2: left and right; left controls right side movement, language right controls left movement communicate w/ each other via corpus callosum
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Cerebral Cortex
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higher thought process; 4 lobes: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
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Emil Kraepelin
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father of psychiatric classification; believed in biological causes; 2 types of mental disorders: dementia praecox(similar to schizophrenia) and manic-depressive psychosis(bipolar)
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Heritability
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expressed as number from 0-1, degree to which something is in the genes; bipolar disorder and schizophrenia high heritability
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Psychoanalytic Model
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Mental states and behaviors come from mental states and conflicts within; Freud; unconscious mind; childhood experiences shape personality by age 5-6; defense mechanisms to cope;psychic determination
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Freud's structure of unconscious
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1. Id- operates on the PLEASURE PRINCIPLE; little regard for logic or ethics 2. Ego- operates on the REALITY PRINCIPLE; environment is key 3. Superego- moral compas
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Freud stages of development
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1. oral stage= up to 1 year; mouth 2. anal stage=1-3 years; toilet training 3. phallic stage=3-6 years; sexual organs 4. latency stage=6-12 years; sexual feeling subside 5. genital stage=12- adult; mature sexuality
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Biological Model
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rests on he assumption that mental states, emotions, and behaviors arise from brain function and other physical processes
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Forebrain
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contains limbic system=hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, septum, amygdala, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus
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Midbrain
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reticular activating system
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Hindbrain
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medula(damage =death), pons, cerebellum
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corner stone of psychodynamic model
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INTERPRETATION which is used to help client gain insight; professional will "translate" what might be causing current symptoms based on info from projective tests
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Humanistic Model
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emphasize human growth potential, personal choice, responsibility; assumes people are good, strive for growth; humans have choices, responsible for own behavior; Rogers, Maslow, and May
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Maslow
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(humanistic model)hierachy of needs where self actualization is total human potential
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Carl Rogers
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developed client centered therapy, unconditional positive regard provides acceptance and important to reaching self-actualization
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May
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existential psychology; authenticity; meaningless=risk for mental disorders
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Cognative/Behavioral Model
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focuses on external and internal factors, good emperical support, relevant, two perspectives in one
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Behavioral perspective
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focused on environmental stimuli; behavior is learned; 1.classical conditioning=learning by associaiton(Pavlov) 2. operant condition=learning by consequences
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cognitive schemas
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beliefs or expectations that represent a network of knowledge
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cognitive distortions
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irrational, inaccurate thoughts people have about environmental events
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functional analysis
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key assessment in cognitive behavioral model; evaluates what preceded and followed certain behaviors
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token economy
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reinforcement system using tokens or points to reward certain behavior; can be exchanged later for rewards
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Sociocultural model
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assumes that outside influences play a major role on a person's psychological problems; culture, gender, neighborhoods, family
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Cultural Syndrome
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culturally shared beliefs and ideas can lead to particular forms of stress that in turn leads to specific forms of problems
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Gender and disorders
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Men more likely to have antisocial personality and substance abuse; women more likely to have anxiety and depressive disorders
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diathesis
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biological or psychological predisposition to a disorder; combination of STRESS and PREDISPOSITION produces psychological problems.
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Epidemiology
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study of patterns of disease or disorder of general population; father of epidemiology is John Snow who studies cholera in London in 1854
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epidemiologists
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scientists who investigate the extent of a public health problem such as a mental disorder
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comorbididy
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presence of 2 or more disorders
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age of onset of any disorder
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average is 14 years old
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risk factors
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genetic predisposition, history of child maltreatment, divorced, violence, poverty, racism, family overcrowding, physical illness,
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protective factors
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positive outlook, religion, above average intelligence, supportive parents, healthy sibling relationships, good schools, social cohesion, available health & social services
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dimensional approach
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defining abnormal behavior along a continuum; mild to severe
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categorical approach
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large class of frequency observed mental disorders; certain # of symptoms must be present
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DSM-5
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industry standard for mental disorder classification; diagnosis made when SEVERAL abnormal behaviors are present at the same times and cause significant problems
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Diagnosis Advntage
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1. communication easier and quicker w/ few words 2. standard rules for defining mental disorders 3. standard system and assessment tools for comparison
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reliability
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refers to consistent results test-retest=same person takes test gets consistent results interrater=2 different raters, same diagnosis internal consistency=items measure same thing
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valididty
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measures what it is supposed to measure content=items cover same aspect of diagnosis predictive=future behavior concurrent= present feature construct= relate to other behaviors
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standardization
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administering the assessment the same way for everyone
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interview
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most common assessment. unstructured=asking any questions=unreliable structured=standardized questions= more reliable
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Intelligence tests
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2nd most common assessment Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-4th Edition measures overall intelligence
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MMPI-2-Personality Assessment
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measures traits, most common and contains validity scales to check distorting of answers
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projective personality tests
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visual tests such as Roschach Inkblot where you describe what you see and Thematic Appreception Test TAT where you tell a story; lack reliability and validity
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behavioral assessment
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measure overt(outside) behavior; involves functional analysis w/ antecedents (what comes before behavior) and consequences (what comes after behavior)
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Types of behavioral assessments
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1. naturalistic=watching in natural setting 2. controlled=recreating a situation 3. self-monitoring=own emotions, thoughts and feelings
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types of biological assessment
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neuroimaging, neurochemical, psychophysiological, neuropsychological
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neuroimaging
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pictures of the brain CT scan, MRI (images w/ out radiation), fMRI (shows brain working and changing), PET scan
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neurochemical assessment
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neurotransmitter assessment measures by products of neurotransmitters
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psychophysiological assessment
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electrocardiogram-measures heart rate, galvanic skin conductance-measures skin electrical activity(sweat), electroencephalogram (EEG)-measure brain activity
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neuropsychological assessment
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indirect, noninvasive- uses tasks to eval. brain function
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scientific method
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1. generate hypothesis 2. develop research design 3. analyze data & interpret
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experiment
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used to conduct cause and effect conclusions; deliberate manipulations are made
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2 variables of experiment
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independent variable-what is being changed; manipulation; treatment dependent variable-what is being measured
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correlational studies
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seeks a relationship between two variables and DOES NOT imply causation; strength of relationship is shown by a number 0 to 1.0
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quasi-experimental method
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uses mixed groups that already exist
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Natural experiment
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Observational study where nature assigns groups(John Snow's source of drinking water caused cholera)
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Longitudinal studies
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Examining same group over long periods of time
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Social norming
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Providing accurate information about certain problems and giving accurate information to help reduce incidence of said problem
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Resilience
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Our ability to withstand and rise above adverse circumstances; include social and academic competence, supportive families, spiritually
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Cross sectional study
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Examining different groups at one point in time
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Sequential design
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Begins as cross sectional study but groups are examined over a short time
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Analogue experiment
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Simulating real life situation under controlled conditions (video)
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Molecular genetics
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Analyze DNA to identify specific genes associated with mental disorders
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Forebrain
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Contains limbic system composed of hippocampus, cingulate gurus, septum, and amygdala (thirst, sex, aggression), basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus
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Midbrain
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Contains the reticular activating system (arousal, stress)
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Hindbrain
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Medulla, pons, cerebellum ( involved in breathing, heartbeat, digestion, motor coordination)
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Psychic determinism
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Key principle of psychodynamic model; everything we do has meaning and is goal directed
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