General Psychology Chapter 13 Answers – Flashcards
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An individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting.
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Personality
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View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
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Psychodynamic Theories
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In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
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Free Association
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.
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Psychoanalysis
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According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.
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Unconscious
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An area where we store information that we can retrieve into conscious awareness later on
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Preconscious Area
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Forcibly block from our consciousness
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Repress
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Remembered content of our dreams
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Manifest Content
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The unconscious wishes and meanings of our dreams
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Latent Content
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A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. Operates on the pleasure principle
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Id
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The largely conscious, "execute" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id and the superego and reality. Operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain
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Ego
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Represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.
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Superego
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The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones
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Psychosexual Stages
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According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father
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Oedipus Complex
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Pleasure centers on the mouth: sucking, biting, chewing
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Oral (0-18 months)
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Pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control
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Anal (18-36 months)
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Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings and desires
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Phallic (3-6 years)
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A phase of dormant sexual feelings
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Latency (6 to puberty)
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Maturation of sexual interests
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Genital (Puberty on)
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The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos
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Identification
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Our sense of being male or female
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Gender Identity
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According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts are unresolved
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Fixation
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In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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Defense Mechanisms
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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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Repression
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Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated
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Regression
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Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites
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Reaction Formation
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Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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Projection
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Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
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Rationalization
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Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
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Displacement
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Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
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Denial
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Pioneering psychoanalysts of the day who followed Freud and his ideas
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Neo-Freudians
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Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our specie' history
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Collective Unconscious
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A personality test, such as the Rorscach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics
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Projective Test
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The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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The tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
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False Consensus Effect
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A theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death
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Terror-Management Theory
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View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth
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Humanistic Theorists
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According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential
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Self-Actualization
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Meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
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Self Transcendence
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Open with their own feelings, drop their facades, transparent and self-disclosing
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Genuiness
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Offer unconditional positive regard
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Acceptance
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According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance towards another person
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Unconditional Positive Regard
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Share and mirror other's feelings and reflect their meanings
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Empathy
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All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?".
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Self-Concept
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A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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Trait
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The statistical procedure to identify clusters to test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill)
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Factor Analysis
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A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
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Personality Inventory
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The most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identity disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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A test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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Empirically Derived Test
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Assesses faking, especially on the MMPI.
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Lie Scale
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Conscientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion
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The "Big Five"
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Look for genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations
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Personal Situation Controversy
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Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including thinking) and their social context
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Social-Cognitive Perspective
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The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment
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Reciprocal Determinism
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The extent to which we perceive control over our environment
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Personal Control
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The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate
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External Locus of Control
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The perception that you control your own fate.
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Internal Locus of Control
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The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term purposes
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Self-Control
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The hoplessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated and averse events
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Learned Helplessness
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Brings information overload and a greater likelihood that we will fell regret over some of the unchosen options
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Tyranny of Choice
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The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive
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Positive Psychology
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In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions
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Self
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Include your visions of the self you dream of and the self you fear becoming
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Possible Selves
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Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
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Spotlight Effect
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One's feeling of high or low self-worth
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Self-Esteem
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A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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Self-Serving Bias
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Excessive self-love and self-absorption
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Narcissm
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Fragile. Focuses on maintaining itself, which makes failures and criticisms feel threatening
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Defensive Self Esteem
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Less fragile because it is less contingent on external evaluations
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Secure Self Esteem
