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The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

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Social Psychology

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Deals with the ways in which we think about other people and ourselves.

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Social Cognition

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An evaluative belief that we hold about something.

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Attitude

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Social pressures that serve to modify our thought and/or behavior.

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Social Influence

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The idea that we strive to have attitudes and behaviors that do not contradict one another.

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Cognitive Consistency

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A theory that predicts that we will be motivated to change our attitudes and/or behaviors to the extend that they cause us to feel dissonance, an uncomfortable physical state.

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Dissonance Theory

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A type of social influence in which someone tries to change our attitudes.

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Persuasion

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When people make decisions based upon factual information, logical arguments, and a thoughtful analysis of pertinent details.

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Central Route to Persuasion

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Occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness

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Peripheral Route to Persuasion

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The process by which a person uses behavior and appearance of others to form attitudes about them.

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Impression Formation

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The act of assigning cause to behavior.

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Attribution

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An attribution that assigns the cause of a behavior to the traits and characteristics of the person being judged.

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Trait Attribution

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Assigning the cause of a behavior to environmental factors.

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Situational Attribution

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The tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional (internal) causes rather than situational (external) causes.

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Fundamental Attribution Error

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A culture, like many Western Cultures, in which individual accomplishments are valued over group accomplishments.

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Individualistic Culture

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A culture, like many Asian Cultures, in which group accomplishments are valued over individual accomplishments.

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Collectivistic Culture

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Our tendency to make the fundamental attribution error when judging others, while being less likely to do so when making attributions about ourselves.

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Actor/Observer Bias

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People's tendency to ascribe their positive behaviors to their own internal traits, but their failures and shortcomings to external, situational factors.

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Self-Serving Bias

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A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members.

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Prejudice

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A generalized belief about a group of people.

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Stereotype

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The behavioral expression of a prejudice.

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Discrimination

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Consists in avoiding interaction with someone of another race or ethnicity.

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Aversive Racism

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A phenomenon in which fear of being discriminated against elicit stereotype-confirming behaviors.

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Stereotype Threat

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Tendency to favor one's own group over other groups.

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In-Group Bias

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Tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar.

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Out-Group Homogeneity

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The theory that prejudice stems from competition for scarce resources.

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Realistic-Conflict Theory

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An out-group that is blamed for many of society's problems.

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Scapegoat

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The theory that under certain conditions, direct contact between antagonistic groups will reduce prejudice.

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Contact Hypothesis

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A goal that is shared by different groups.

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Superordinate Goal

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Closeness.

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Proximity

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Resemblance.

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Similarity

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Drawn to appealing physical appearance.

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Physical Attractiveness

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The idea that males and females of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other as partners.

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Matching Hypothesis

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Unwritten rule or expectation for how group members should behave.

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Norm

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Tendency of a group or team to stick together.

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Cohesiveness

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Behaving in accordance with group norms.

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Conformity

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The tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group's expectations and gain acceptance.

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Normative Conformity

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Conformity that occurs when conformity pressures actually persuade group members to adopt new beliefs and or attitudes.

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Informational Conformity

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A state in which a person's behavior becomes controlled more by external norms than by the person's own internal values and morals.

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Deindividuation

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Performing better on a task in the presence of others than you would if you were alone.

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Social Facilitation

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Members of a group decrease the pace or intensity of their own work with the intention of letting other group members work harder.

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Social Loafing

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The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

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Groupthink

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A form of compliance that occurs when people follow direct commands, usually from someone in a position of authority.

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Obedience

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Yielding to a demand.

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Compliance

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Getting people to agree to a small request, then following up with a larger request.

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Foot-in-the-door Compliance

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Asking people for a big request, and after they refuse ask for something smaller.

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Door-in-the-face-Compliance

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The obligation to return in kind what another has done for us.

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Reciprocity

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Increasing compliance by first getting the person to agree to a deal and then changing the terms of the deal to be more favorable to yourself.

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Low Balling

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Before a decision, the person who is persuading you throws in something else (i.e "we'll add in another sham-wow for free if you call right now").

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That's-not-all

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Obedience to immoral, unethical demands that cause harm to others.

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Destructive Obedience

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The use of foot-in-the-door compliance in an obedience situation to get people to obey unceasing demands.

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Slippery Slope

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The degree to which one can disassociate oneself from the consequences of his/her actions.

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Psychological Distance

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Aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal.

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Instrumental Aggression

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Aggression that is meant to cause harm to others.

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Hostile Aggression

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States that we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.

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Cognitive Neoassociation Theory

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Behavior that helps others.

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Prosocial Behavior

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Helping someone in trouble with no expectation of reward and often without fear of ones own safety.

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Altruism

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Another term for altruism.

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Helping Behavior

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The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

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Bystander Effect

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The idea that responsibility for taking action is diffused across all the people witnessing an event.

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Diffusion of Responsibility

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The case in which people think that everyone else is interpreting a situation in a certain way, when in fact they are not.

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Pluralistic Ignorance

Chapter 10 – Social Psychology – Definitions & Examples – Flashcards

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