Social Psychology Hogg Vaughan chapter 2 – Flashcards
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social psychology has almost always been strongly
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cognitive
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perspective in which the whole influences constituent parts rather than vice versa
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Gestalt Psychology
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Founder of Gestalt Psychology
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Lewin
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one of the founders of modern empirical psychology
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Wundt 1897
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an emphasis on explaining observable behaviour in terms of reinforcement sschedules
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Behaviourism
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Increasingly important focus during the computer revolution
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Information Processing
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Social behaviour most usefully understood as a function of people's _____ of the world and _______ of such ________
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perceptions, manipulation, perceptions
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cognitive consistency, naive scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician
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four guises
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Model of social cognition in which people try to reduce inconsistency among their cognitions because they find inconsistency unpleasant (WWII-1960)
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Cognitive consistency
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Model of cognition that characterises people as using rational scientific like cause-effect analyses to understand their world (1970)
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Naive Psychologist (Scientist)
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process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour and that of others
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Attribution
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Model of social cognition that characterises people as using the least complex and demanding cognitions that are able to produce generally adaptive beahviours
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Cognitive Miser
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model of social cognition that characterises people having multiple cognitive strategies available which they choose among on the basis of personal goals motives and needs
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Motivated tactician
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Fiske ; Taylor: fully engaged thinker who has multiple cognitive strategies available and chooses among them based on goals motives and needs. Sometimes chooses wisely in the interests of adaptability and accuracy and sometimes, defensively in interests of speed or self esteem
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Motivated Tactician
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the exploration of the neurological underpinnings of the processes traditionally examined by social psychology
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Social Neuroscience
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Social Neuroscience is largely a methodology in which cogintiive activity can be monitored by use of
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fMRI (detects and localises electrical activity in brain associated with cognitive activities or funcitons
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gestalt based model of impression formation in which central traits play a disproportionate role in configuring the final impression (impressions based on holistic images)
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Asch Configural Model
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impressions are based on integration of pieces of info
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Anderson cognitive algebra model
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disproportionate influence of the configuration of final impressions (Asch model of impression formation
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Central Traits
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insignificant influence on configuration of final impressions (asch)
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peripheral traits
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two dimensions for evaluating people, good/bad
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social ; intellectual
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order of presentation effect in which earlier presented info has been disproportionate influence on social cognition
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Primacy
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order of presentation effect in which later presented info has disproportionate influence on social cogntion
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recency
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idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterising other people, bipolar dimensions
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personal constructss
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info is unusual and distinctive or extreme, info indirectly signifies potential danger so detection has survival value
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negative information
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idiosyncratic and personal ways of characterising other people and explaining their behaviour
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implicit personality theories
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perception of whether it is socially acceptable to judge a specific target
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social judgeability
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approach to study of impression formation that focuses on how people combine attitudes that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (summation, averaging and weighted averaging)
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Cognitive algebra
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method of forming positive or negative impressions by summing the valence of all the constituent person attributes
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summation
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method of forming positive or negative impression by averaging the valence of all the consitituent attributes
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averaging
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method of forming positive or negative impressions by first weighting and then averaging the valence of all the constituent persona ttributes
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weighted averaging
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Bartlett cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus including its attributes and the relations among those attributes
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schema
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a schema about an event
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script
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schema: fill in gaps with previous knowledge or preconceptions rather than seek info gleaned directly from the immediate context
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top-down processing
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patterns of behaviour that distinguish between different activities within the group, and that interrelate to one another for the greater good of the group
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roles (role schema is schema about social group, not just role)
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limited number of rules for processing information
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content-free schema
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defining property of category membership
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family resemblance
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cognitive representation of the typical/ideal defining features of a category
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prototype
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categories considered to be ___ ____ of features organised around a prototype
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fuzzy sets
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the relationship between categories is
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hierarchical
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the kind of categories people like to rely on generally
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intermediate
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specific instances of a member of a category
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exemplar
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prototypes and exemplars for ingroup, exemplars for outgroup
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Judd and Park
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blended model of exemplar and prototype
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social psychologists
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model of memory in which modes or ideas are connected by associative links along which cognitive activation can spread
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associative networks
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categorisation accentuates perceived similarities and differences between groups on dimensions that people believe are correlated with the categorisation. effect is amplified where the categorisation and or dimension has subjective importance, relevance or value
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Accentuation principle
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work on intergroup relations with accentuation as core
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Tafjel
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theory of group membership and intergroup relations based on self-categorisation, social comparison and the construction of a shared self definition in terms of ingroup defining properties
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social identity theory
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turner and associates theory of how the process of categorising oneself as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviours
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self categorisation theory
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habitually used schema
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salient schema
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more likely to use (role/trait) schema, and schemas easily _______, ; _________ distinctive
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role, detected, contextually
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race is important, salient in memory and habitually used to process person information
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racist
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fairly automatic schema-cueing processes are typically functional and accurate enough for immediate interactive purposes
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circumscribed accuracy
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influences: costs of being wrong, costs of being indecisive, individual differences
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commonly used schemas
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people vary in the complexity and number of explanations of other people
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Attributional Complexity
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people vary in their interest in gaining info versus remaining uninformed but certain
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Uncertainty orientation
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people differ in how much they like to think deeply about things
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need for cognition
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people differ in the complexity of their cognitive processes and representations
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cognitive complexity
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ease of recall of categories or schemas that we already have in mind
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accessibility
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gradual schema change through accumulation of bits of schema inconsistent info
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bookkeeing
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sudden change as consequence of gradual accumulation of schema inconsistent info
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conversion
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schema change as consequence of schema inconsistent info causing formation of subcategories
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subtyping
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process whereby external social stimuli are represented in the mid of the individual
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social encoding
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general automatic and non-conscious scanning of the environment
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pre-attentive analysis
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once noticed, stimuli are consciously identified and categorised
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focal attention
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stimuli are given semantic meaning
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comprehension
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the semantically represented stiulus is linked to other knowledge to allow for complex inferences
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elaborative reasoning
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property of a stimulus that makes it stand out in relation to other stimuli and attract attention
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salience
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intrinsic property of a stimulus on its own that makes it stand out and attract attention
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vividness
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activation of accessible categories or schemas in memory that influence how we process info
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Priming
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propositional model: model of memory in which nodes of ideas are connected by associative links along which cognitive activation can spread
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associative network
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limited memory
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Comprehension
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variable memory, organisaed in ad hoc manner, often by psychologically irrelevant categories
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memorising
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good memory, organised by traits
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forming impressions
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good memory organised by goals
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empathising
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excellent memory, organised by psychological categories
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comparing with oneself
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excellent well organised memory, type of organisation not yet clear
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anticipated interaction
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variable memory, depending on concurrent goal
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actual interaction
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little to no correlation between memory and judgement, more unusual to draw on memory and make ___ but provides stronger correlation
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memory based judgement
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carefully and deliberately considering info
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central route processing
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rapid top of the head decisions based on stereotypes, schemas and other cognitive shortcuts
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peripheral route processing
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ideal processes for making accurate social inferences
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normative models
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set of normative models (ideal processes) for making accurate social inferences
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behavioural decision theory
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small samples are rarely representative of larger populations
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law of numbers
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tendency for initial observations of instances from a category to be more extreme than subsequent observations
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regression
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pallid, factual, statistical info about an entire class of events
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base rate information
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cognitive exaggeration of the degree of co-occurence of two stimuli or ecents fo the perception of a co-occurence where none exists
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illusory correlation
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illusory correlation in which items are seen as belonging together because they ought to on the basis of prior expectations
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associative meaning
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illusory correlation in which items are seen as belonging together because they share some unusual feature
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paired distinctiveness
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cognitive short-cuts that provide adequately accurate inferences for most of us most of the time
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heuristics
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heuristic: instances are assigned to categories or types on the basis of overall similarity or resemblance to the category
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representativeness
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heuristic: frequency or likelihood of an event is based on how quickly instances or associations come to mind
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availability
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inferences are tied to initial standards or schemas
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anchoring and adjustment
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cognition is infused with affect such that social judgements refelct current mood
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affect-infusion model
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info process: directly access schemas or judgements stored in memory
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direct access
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info process: form judgement on basis of specific motivations to achieve goal or to repair existing mood
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Motivated Processing
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info process: can only rely on various cognitive short-cuts or heuristics
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heuristic processing
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info process: deliberately and carefully construct judgement from variety of info sources
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substantive processing
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phenomenon in terms of the language and concepts of a lower level of analysis, usually with a loss of explanatory power
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reductionism
