question

Explain the difference between a dispositional (internal) and a situational (external) attribution.

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Dispositional: an explanation of one's behavior based on internal causes (personality or characteristics) Situational: explanation of one's behavior based on an external cause (a reaction to stress or abuse)

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Describe the fundamental attribution error. How do cultural influences impact the prevalence of the fundamental attribution error?

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The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and overestimate the impact of personal dispositon. Western countries that are individualistic are especially likely to attribute one's behavior to their disposition

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peripheral route persuasion

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having an attractive model or actor endorse an product to get you to buy it & emotion

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central route persuasion

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giving lots of statistics that may sway one into believing the product is advantageous to have

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Describe how the foot-in-the-door phenomenon is utilized to get people to comply with a large request

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People will originally comply with small requests and get into the habit of doing them as the demands escalate

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Summarize what Philip Zimbardo's research showed regarding the roles people are asked to play in the Stanford Prison Study

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People originally played the roles of a prisoner or a guard, but quickly became invested in their role, their actions changing and emotions were real

question

Explain Leon Festinger's cognitive dissonance theory

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the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. We realize our attitudes and actions clash, which leads to us changing our attitude

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What are the components necessary to create cognitive dissonance?

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The more responsible we feel for a troubling act, the more dissonance. The more dissonance, the more motivated we are to find consistency, such as changing our attitude.

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chameleon effect

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unconsciously mimicking others' expressions, postures, and voice tones help us feel what they are feeling

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Briefly summarize the work of Chartrand and Bargh

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They had a confederate in a room rub their face or shake their foot, and the others began to as well

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automatic mimicry

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causes you to unconsciously copy others, putting you in a better context to empathize

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What can be a downside of mimicry?

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doing something that goes against your morals or feeling mad, sad, ect.

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conformity

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adjusting one's behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard

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Summarize the methodology and findings of Solomon Asch's experiment on conformity.

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Students asked him, along with four others, a question with a clear answer, which led them to sometimes give the incorrect answer because the four before had all said the incorrect answer.

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Discuss the factors that make us more likely to conform

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-feeling incompetent or insecure -more than 3 people in the group -unanimous groups -admiration for the group -no prior commitment to a response -being observed -culture encourages respect of social standards

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Differentiate between the two kinds of social influence.

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Normative: influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval Informational: influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality *Informational is choosing to believe/assume others are right over themselves where normative is to gain approval

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Summarize Stanley Milgram's work on obedience.

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Stanley Milgram gave some of the participants the role of teacher and other students. The teacher would teach and then quiz, and each wrong answer would shock the student and gradually get worse. The teachers tended to continue shocking even after the student asked to stop because they were told to.

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What are the several instances in which obedience to authority was higher?

answer

a. The person giving orders was close at hand and was perceived to be a legitimate authority figure b. The authority figure was supported by a prestigious institution c. The victim was depersonalized or at a distance, even in another room d. There were no role models for defiance; that is, no other participants were seen disobeying the experiment

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How might conformity be both useful and harmful in society?

answer

+ Gets people to work well together + Cultural Uniformity - Could get people to follow an evil issue -Corrupt leaders

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What is the difference between conformity and obedience?

answer

Conformity is doing something to go along with the flow or fit in, while obedience is responding to one's demands

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How does the example of Norman Triplett's work with adolescents demonstrate social facilitation?

answer

The adolescents were asked to wind a fishing reel and wound it faster when someone else was present

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social loafing

answer

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when they're individually accountable

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deindividuation

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when one forgets to be self-conscious and self-restraining

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group polarization

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the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

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Discuss how group polarization might impact a jury deliberating on a death-penalty case.

answer

Group polarization may cause two sides to argue and become even more divided or they could all agree whole heartedly

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What factors contribute to groupthink?

answer

-when the group is enthusiastic about a plan -pressure to withhold criticism

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How does groupthink differ from group polarization?

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Groupthink is the formation of a not-always well thought-out plan because one did not voice criticism whereas group polarization is the idea that differences will continue to grow through situations

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How does the word 'norm' relate to the word 'culture?'

answer

'Culture' refers to attitudes, behaviors, values, traditions, and ideas in a given group, while 'norms' are those of which that are considered typical. The 'norms' are determined by the culture

question

Describe two examples of cultural norms

answer

-Many South Asians use only the right hands' fingers for eating -British orderly wait in line

question

How does 'minority influence' impact majority beliefs?

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People may privately develop sympathy for the minority, so they may persuade some members of the majority to rethink their views, inspired by your "standing out" influence

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stereotype

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a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people

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Is a stereotype a belief, feeling, or action?

answer

belief

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prejudice

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an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Generally involves stereotyped beliefs. Negative feelings and predisposition to discriminatory action

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Is a prejudice a belief, feeling, or action?

answer

a feeling

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discrimination

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unjustafiable negative behavior toward a group and its members

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Is discrimination a belief, feeling, or action?

answer

Action

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How is ethnocentrism related to prejudice?

answer

Ethnocentricism is judging another's culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture

question

Explain how ingroup bias is present in high school cliques, rival sports teams and politics. How might this bias lead to prejudice and discrimination?

answer

Ingroup bias: the tendency to favor your own group. This could lead to predjudice and discrimination of other groups by thinking yours is better than others

question

scapegoat theory

answer

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

question

How does the other-race effect lead to discrimination?

answer

Becoming so comfortable with your own race and possibly associating negative attitudes and feelings to less familiar races

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How does the tendency to remember vivid cases increase in the presence of stereotypes?

answer

They are readily available to our memory and therefore influence our judgements of a group

question

just-world phenonomenon

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the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get

question

How is aggression defined in the textbook versus the definition of aggression commonly used?

answer

The textbook states that aggression is any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy, which is more concise than the every day usage of the word.

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What are the genetic influences of aggression?

answer

genes DO cause aggressive behavior because of the y chromosome

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Explain how neural systems and biochemistry can influence aggression.

answer

The brain has neural systems that, when given provocation, will facilitate aggression. Things like hormones, alcohol, and other substances can also influence one's aggressiveness

question

How does the frustration-aggression principle explain increased amounts of aggression in certain cases?

answer

The principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve something - creates anger, which can lead to aggression

question

In what way do reinforcement and modeling trigger aggressive behavior?

answer

They can cause you to be more aggressive in certain situations where aggressiveness has payed off

question

How is a social script created and how can it lead to aggressive behavior? How could social scripts be changed to make society more peaceful?

answer

Social scripts are ways to act provided by our culture, giving people ideas as to how to react in certain situations

question

How does proximity influence how much we like something or someone?

answer

Proximity provides opportunity for liking by providing greater availability of those we often meet and also repeated exposure to something increases the liking of it.

question

How does the mere exposure effect increase odds that we will like someone or something?

answer

The mere exposure effect is the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them, so the more time exposed, the greater the odds of liking

question

In what ways does physical attractiveness impact liking?

answer

Physical attractiveness can predict the frequency of dating, their feelings of popularity, and others initial impressions

question

Discuss the role similarity plays in attraction

answer

We are easier relatable to people who share common attitudes, beliefs and interest and tend to dislike dissmiliar

question

Describe how passionate love differs from companionate love

answer

Passionate love: an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually at the beginning of a love relationship Companionate love: the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are interwined

question

Explain how equity can have a positive impact on a relationship

answer

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. Both partners freely give and receive, which leads to them being happier

question

How does self-disclosure lead to a successful relationship?

answer

Revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others, which leads to liking, which leads to deeper intimacy

question

Define altruism and explain how it impacts an individual's likelihood of helping others in need

answer

unselfish regard for the welfare of others, which makes people more likely to help others in need

question

How does the Kitty Genovese story illustrates the bystander effect

answer

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give and if other bystanders are present. People wait until the man was gone before trying to help

question

What factors are important when determining whether or not we will intervene when someone needs help?

answer

-not in a hurry -if they need and deserve help -if they are similar to us -if we're observed someone else being helpful -in a small town of rural areas -feeling guilty -focused on others -good mood

question

Describe the social exchange theory and explain how it impacts helping behavior.

answer

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs

question

Describe the reciprocity norm and discuss how it differs from a social-responsibility norm. How might the reciprocity norm impact relationships?

answer

Reciprocity norm: an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them Social responsibility norm: an expectation that people will help those dependent on them

question

Describe how a social trap can create conflict

answer

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. People will put aside your interests for theirs

question

Explain how mirror-image perceptions can lead to self-fulfilling prophecies

answer

Mirror-image perceptions: mutual views often held by conflicting people as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive Self-fulfilling prophecies: a belief that leads to its own fufillment

question

In what way are superordinate goals used to achieve cooperation?

answer

Shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. In order to come to terms, everyone is needed

question

GRIT

answer

Graduated Reciprocated Initiatives Tension-Reduction *a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

question

List the specific causes for increased aggression (uncatergorized)

answer

-cigarette smoke -physical pain -odors -insults -high temperature

question

Generally, who is most likely to help another person?

answer

happy people

question

What components of GRIT alleviate conflict?

answer

1. Acknowledge the common goals you have 2. Respond with kindness and conciliatory acts

AP Psych: Chapter 4- Social Psychology – Flashcards

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