question

Social psychology

answer

is the scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the rel or imagined presence of other people.

question

Social Influence

answer

The effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people havee on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior

question

WE are often in fluenced merely by the ______ of other people, including strangers who are not interacting with us.

answer

Presence

question

We are governed by the imaginary approval or disapproval of our ____,_____, _______, _____

answer

parent's, friends, and teachers, and by how we expect others to react to us.

question

_____ has been a major source of insight about human nature.

answer

philosophy

question

_______ questions, meaning that their answers can be derived from experimentation or measurement rather than by personal opinion

answer

empirical

question

the first task of the social psychologist is to make and educated guess, called a

answer

hypothesis

question

the second task is to design ____________

answer

well- controlled experiments sophisticated enough to tease out the situations that would result in one or another outcome.

question

______, the aspects of people's personalities that make them different from others.

answer

individual differences

question

For the social psychologist, the level of analysis

answer

individual in the context of a social situation

question

The major difference is that sociology, rather than focusing on the individual, looks toward

answer

society at large. The level of analysis is the group or institution.

question

The goal of social psychology is to

answer

identify universal properties of human nature that make everyone susceptibel to social influence, regardless of social class or culture

question

Cross-Cultural reasearch is therefore extremely valuable, because it

answer

sharpens theories, either by demonstrating their universality or by leading us to discover additional variables whose incorporation helps us makemore-accurate predictions of human behavior.

question

social psychologist focus more on the

answer

psychological makeup f individuals that renders people susceptible to social influence

question

social psychology emphasizes the _________ shared by most people around the world that make them susceptible to social influence

answer

psychological processes

question

without important info about a situation, most people will try to explain someone's behavior in terms of

answer

the personality of the individual

question

the tendency to explain our own and other people's behavior entirely in terms of personality traits and to underestimate the power of social influence

answer

fundamental attribution error.

question

soial and environmental situations are so powerful that they have dramatic effects on almost everyeone

answer

domain of the social psychologist

question

a school of psychology maintaining that to understand human behavior, one need on ly consider the reinforcing properties of the environment

answer

behaviorism

question

the way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world

answer

construal

question

a school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appars in people's minds rather than the objective physical attributes of the object

answer

Gestalt Psychology

question

it is often more important to understand how people____, ____, and_____ the social world than it is to understand its _____

answer

perceive, comprehend, and interpret objective properties

question

Genereally considere the founding father of modern experimeental social psychology

answer

Kurt Lewin

question

was the first scientis to fully realize the importance of taking the perspective of the people in a situation

answer

Kurt Lewin

question

Lee Ross call _____ the ocnviciton that all of us share that we percieve things "as they really are". If other people seee the same things difiiferently, therefore, it must be because they are _____

answer

Naive realism biased

question

Two motives are of primary importance

answer

the need to feel good about ourselves and ghe need to be accurate

question

most people have a strong need to maintain ______ that is to see themselves as ___,____, and _____

answer

self-esteem good , competent, and decent

question

human beings are motivated to maintain a postive picture of themselves, in part by justifying their________, and _______, this leads them to do things that at first glance might seem surprising or paradoxical

answer

behavior and that under certain specifiable conditions

question

you expect that you or antoher person will behave in some way, so you act in ways to make your prediciton come true

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people ____, _____, _____, and _____ to make judgments and decisions

answer

Social Cognition select, interpret, remember, and use social information

question

social psychology can be defined as

answer

the scientific study of social influence.

question

a fundamental principle of social psychology is that many social problems, such as the causes of and reactions to violence, can be

answer

can be studied scientifically

question

whereby people exaggerate how much they could have predicted an outcome aafter knowing that it occured

answer

hindsight bias

question

he formulated a new approach----______---- that made specific predicitons about when and how people would change their attitudes.

answer

Leon Festinger Dissonance theory

question

social psychologist, like scientists in other discipline, engage in a

answer

process of theory refinement:

question

a ____, is developed; specific hypotheses derived from that theory are tested; based on the results obtained, the ____ is revised and new hpotheses are formulated.

answer

Theory

question

the theory that says if there is more than one witness than the people are more likely to say someone else would go help as in if they were alone then they would be more likely to help

answer

diffusion of responsibility

question

the technique whereby a researcher observes people and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior

answer

observational method

question

the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have

answer

ethnography

question

____ is the chief method of cultural anthropology, the study of human cultures and societies.

answer

enthnography

question

the key to ____ is to avoid imposing one's preconceived notions on the group and to try to understand the point of view of the people being studied.

answer

ethnography

question

which is the level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data.

answer

interjudge reliability

question

the researcher can also examine the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture, a technique known as and

answer

archival analysis

question

_______ research in the form of archival analysis, can tell us a great deal about society's values and beliefs.

answer

observational research

question

a goal of social science is to understand relationships between _____ and to be able to predict when different kinds of _____ behaviorr occur.

answer

variables

question

two variables are systematically measured, and the relationship between them- how much you can predict one from the other is assessed

answer

correlational method

question

a statistic that asesses how well you can predict one variable from another

answer

correlation coefficient

question

two variables to be completely unrelated, so that a researcher cannot

answer

predict one variable from the other

question

The _____ method is often used in _____, research in which a representative sample of people are asked questions about their attitudes or behavior

answer

correlational method surveys

question

SURVEY advantages

answer

allows researches to judge the relationship between variables that are difficult to observe another is the capability of sampling representative segments of the population

question

a way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the popultion an equal chance of being selected for the sample

answer

random selection

question

the major shortcoming of the correlational method is that it tells us only that ___ variables are related, whereas the goal of the social psychologist is to identify the causes of ____

answer

TWO social behavior

question

correlation does not prove

answer

causation

question

the method in which the researcher randomly assigns participants to different conditions an ensures that these conditions are identical except for the independent variable(the one thought to have a causal effect on people's respones)

answer

experimental method (method of choice)

question

the variable a researcher changes or varies to see if it has an effect on some other variable

answer

independent variable

question

the variable a researcher measures to see if it is influence by the IP. THE RESEARCHER HPOTHESIZES THAT THE DV will depend on the level of the IV.

answer

dependent variable

question

keeping everything but the independent variable the same in an experiment is referred to as

answer

internal validity

question

all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment

answer

random assignment to condition

question

a number, calculated with statistical techniques, that tells researchers how likely it is that the results of their experiment occurred by chance and not because of the IV.

answer

probability level (p-value)

question

is considered significant (trustworthy) if the probability level is less than_____ in ___ that the results might be due to chance factors rather than the IV studied

answer

5 in 100

question

the ___ tells us how confident we can be that the difference was due to chance rather than the IV

answer

P-VALUE

question

making sure that the IV, and only the IV, influences the DV

answer

INTERNAL VALIDITY

question

the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to toher situations and to other people

answer

external validity

question

the extent to which the psychological processes triggered in an experiement are similar to psychological proceses that occur in everyday life

answer

psychological reaction

question

a disguiesed version of the study's true purpose.

answer

cover story

question

researchers study behavior outside the lab, in its natural setting (best way)

answer

field experiments

question

Repeating a study, often with different subject populations or in different settings ( are the ultimate test of an experiment's external validity

answer

Rplications

question

the trade off between internal and external has been refeered to as the

answer

basic dilemma of the social psychologist

question

a statistical techinque that averages the results of two or more studies to see if the effect of an independent variable is reliable

answer

Meta-analysis

question

studies designed to find the best answer to the quesiton of why people behave as they do and that are conducted purely for reasons of intellectual curiosity

answer

basic Research

question

Studies deigned to solve a particular social problem

answer

Applied Research

question

Who coined the motto for the field "there is nothig so procatical as a good theory"

answer

Kurt Lewing

question

to study the effects of culture on social psychological process, social psychologist conduct

answer

cross- cultural research

question

was developed by Charles Darwin (1859) to explain the ways in which animals adat to their environments

answer

Evolutionary theory

question

the process by which heritable traits that promote survival in a particular environment are passed along to future generations because organisms with thos traits are more likely to produce off spring

answer

Natural Selection

question

Scocial behaavior in terms of genetic factors that have evolved over time according to the principles of natural selection

answer

Evolutionary psychology

question

Social psychologists have become interested in the connection between

answer

biological processes and social behavior

question

agreement to participate in an experiment, granted in full awareness of the nature of the experiment, which has been wxplained in advance

answer

informed consent

question

misleading participants about the true purpose of a study or the events that will actually transpire

answer

deception

question

A group made up of a least one scientist, one non scientist, and one member not affiliated with the institution that reviews all psychological research that instituion and decides wherther it meets ethical guidleines; all research must be approved by the IRB before it is conducted

answer

Institutional Review Board IRB

question

EXPLAINING TO PARTICIPANTS, AT THE END OF EXPERIMENT, THE TRUE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY AND EXACTLY WHAT TRANSPIRED

answer

debriefing

question

We often make decisions : without thinking." such as jamming on the brakes of our car when we see a child step into the road

answer

automatic thinking

question

hours spent deliberating over important decsions in your life

answer

controlled thinking

question

How people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information to make judgments and decisions

answer

Social Cognition

question

Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless

answer

automatic thinking

question

mental strucutures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjets and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember.

answer

Schemas

question

The extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forfront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world

answer

accessibility

question

the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept

answer

priming

question

The case wherein people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's originial expectations, making the expectations come true

answer

self-fulfilling prophecy

question

Mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently

answer

Judgmental Heuristics

question

A mental rule of thumb whereby people base a judgment on the ease with which they can bring somehting to mind

answer

avalability heuristic

question

a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case

answer

representativeness heuristic

question

information about the frequency of members of different categories in the population

answer

base rate information

question

a type of thinking in which people focus on the properties of objects without considering their surround context; this type of thinking is common in Western clultures

answer

analytic thinking style

question

a type of thinking in which people focus on the overall context, particualarly the ways in which objects relate to each other; this type of thinking is common in East Asian cultures

answer

holistic thinking style

question

thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful

answer

controlled thinking

question

mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been

answer

counterfactual thinking

question

the fact that people usually have too much confidence in the accuracy of their judgments

answer

overconfidence Barrier

question

the study of how we form impressions of and make inferences about other people

answer

social perception

question

the way in which people ocmmunicate, intentionally, without words; nonverbal cues include facial expressions, tone of voice, gestures, body position and movement, the use of touch, and gaze

answer

nonverbal communication

question

to express or emit nonverbal behavior, such as smiling or patting someone on the back

answer

encode

question

to interpret the meaning of the nonverbal behavior other people expres, such as deciding that a pat on the back was an expression of condescension and not kindness

answer

decode

question

a facial expression in which one part of the face registers one emotion while another part of the face registers a different emotion

answer

affect blend

question

culturally determined rules about which nonverbal behaviors are appropriate to display

answer

display rules

question

nonverbal gestures that have well-understood definitions within a given culture; they usually have direct verbal translations-such as the ok sign

answer

emblems

question

A type of schema people use to group various kinds of personality traits together; for ex, many people believe that someone who is kind is generous as well

answer

implicit personaility theory

question

a description of the way in which people explain the causes of their own and other people's behavior

answer

attributiion theory

question

the inference that a person is behaving in a certain way because of something about the person, such as attitude, character, or personality

answer

internal attribution

question

the inference that a person is behaving a certain way because of something about the situation he or she is in; the assumption is that most people would respond the same way in that situation

answer

external attribution

question

A theory that states that to form an attribution about what caused a person's behavior, we systematically note the pattern between the presence or absence of possible causal factors and whether or not the behavior occurs

answer

`covariation Model

question

info about the extent to which other people behave the same way toward the same stimulus as the actor does

answer

consensus info

question

info about the extent to which one particular actor behaves in the same way to different stimuli

answer

distinctiveness info

question

info about the extent to which the behavior between one actor and one stimulus is the same across time and circumstances

answer

consistency information

question

the tendncy to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors

answer

fundamental attribution Error

question

the seeming importance of info that is the focus of people's attention

answer

perceptual salience

question

analyzing another person's behavior first by making an automatic internal attribution and only then thinking about possible situational reasons for the behavior, after which one may adjust the original internal attribution

answer

two-step process of attribution

question

explanations for one's successes that credit internal, dispositional factors and explanations for one's failures that blame external, situational factors.

answer

self-serving attributions

question

explanations for behavior that avoid feelings of vulnerability and mortality

answer

defensive attributions

question

the tendency to think that other people are more susceptible to attributional biases in their thinking than we are

answer

bias blind spot

question

a form of defensive attribution wherein people assume that bad things happen to bad people and that good things happen to good people.

answer

belief in a just World

Social psychology Test 1 Ch 1-4 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards