Henle Latin Grammar Rules 1-44, CC Challenge A – for class – Flashcards

Nouns have gender, number, case, and declension.

There are three genders in Latin: masculine, feminine, neuter.

All nouns meaning individual male persons are masculine

All nouns meaning individual female persons are feminine

The gender of other nouns must be learned from their declension or from the vocabularies.

There are two numbers in Latin: singular and plural.

The singular speaks of one: *via*, a road.

The plural speaks of more than one: *viae*, roads

There are six cases in Latin: *Nominative: Subject*, *Genitive: Possessive*, the *'of'* case. *Dative: Indirect Object*, the *'to'* or *'for'* case. *Accusative: Direct Object*, *Ablative: Object of the Preposition*, the *'by-with-from'* case [used frequently with prepositions]. *Vocative*: the case of the *Person Addressed*.

Declension consists in adding the proper ENDINGS to the STEM to show the different genders, numbers, and cases.

The stem is found by dropping the ENDING of the GENITIVE SINGULAR. *vi-ae*, stem: *vi-*

There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular. __*1st ___* 2nd __ * 3rd ___ * 4th__ * 5th __*-ae ____*-ī _____* -is _____* -ūs ___*-eī vi -ae _ serv -ī ___ lēg-is _ port -ūs __ r -eī

The nominative, genitive, and gender of a noun determine which model it follows. Add the endings of that model to the stem.

The stem is that part of the word which remains the same in spelling throughout the declension. It gives the meaning of the word.

The endings show what the word does in the sentence, whether it is the subject, direct object, indirect object, etc.

The *vocative* of all nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative except in singular nouns in *-us* of the second declension: these have *-e. Serv-e!* Slave! Note, there are EXCEPTIONS...

The *accusative* of neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative.

Names of towns, and *domus*, home, and *rūs*, country, have another case -the locative- expressing place where. In singulars of the first and second declensions in the locative is like the genitive: *Rōmae*, at Rome. In all others it is like the ablative: *Carthāgine (Carthāgō, Carthāginis)*, at Carthage. But *rūs*, country, has *rūrī* or *rūre*, in the country. See No. 915.

*----------------- SINGULAR ----------------* *____Form __Meaning _____(Use)* Nom. - *terr-a* = land, the (a) land *(S)* Gen. - *terr-ae* = of the (a) land *(P)* Dat. - *terr-ae* = to or for the (a) land *(IO)* Acc. - *terr-am* = the (a) land *(DO)* Abl. - *terr-ā* = by, with, from the (a) land *------------------ PLURAL -------------------* * ____Form ___Meaning ____(Use)* Nom. - *terr-ae* = lands, the lands *(S)* Gen. - *terr-ārum* = of the lands *(P)* Dat. - *terr-īs* = to or for the lands *(IO)* Acc. - *terr-ās* = lands, the lands *(DO)* Abl. - *terr-īs* = by, with, from the lands

All nouns naming individual male persons are masculine. *nauta, ae*, a sailor, masculine. (Sailors are usually men.)

All are feminine unless naming an individual male person. *terra, ae*, land, feminine.

*---------------- SINGULAR -----------------* *____Form ___ Meaning ___(Use)* Nom. - *serv-us* = the slave *(S)* Gen. - *serv-ī* = of the slave, the slave's *(P)* Dat. - *serv-ō* = to or for the slave *(IO)* Acc. - *serv-um* = the slave *(DO)* Abl. - *serv-ō* = by, with, from the slave *----------------- PLURAL --------------------* *____ Form ___ Meaning ___(Use)* Nom. - *serv-ī* = the slaves *(S)* Gen. - *serv-ōrum* = of the slaves, the slaves *(P)* Dat. - *serv-īs* = to or for the slaves *(IO)* Acc. - *serv-ōs* = the slaves *(DO)* Abl. - *serv-īs* = by, with, from the slaves

generally masculine

Proper names in *-ius* and *fīlius*, son, form their vocative singular in *-ī. Vergilius, Vergilī; fīlius, fīlī*.

*--------------- SINGULAR ------------------* *____Form ___ Meaning ___(Use)* Nom. - *bell-um* = the war *(S)* Gen. - *bell-ī* = of the war *(P)* Dat. - *bell-ō* = to or for the war *(IO)* Acc. - *bell-um* = the war *(DO)* Abl. - *bell-ō* = by, with from the war *----------------- PLURAL --------------------* *____ Form ___ Meaning ___(Use)* Nom. - *bell-a* = the wars *(S)* Gen. - *bell-ōrum* = of the wars *(P)* Dat. - *bell-īs* = to or for the wars *(IO)* Acc. - *bell-a* = the wars *(DO)* Abl. - *bell-īs* = by, with from the wars

All Neuter (there are no exceptions)

The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives.Thus, singular nom. *bellum*, acc. *bellum*; plural nom. *bella*, acc. *bella* (Cf. *flūmen*, No. 64, *gravis, e*, No. 78, etc.)

*Vir, virī*, man, and words like *ager, agrī*, field, and *puer, puerī*, boy, belong to the 2nd declension. (Note: the genitive in -ī.) They are declined like *servus* except in the nominative (and vocative) singular.

*Deus, ī* (God) shows peculiarities... The vocative singular is *Deus*. Case _ Singular___Plural* Nom. - deus___dī (deī, diī) Gen. - deī _____deōrum (deūm) Dat. - deō_____ dīs (deīs, diīs) Acc. - deum___ deōs Abl. - deō_____ dīs (deīs, diīs)