Grade 7 – GRAMMAR – Parts of the Sentence – Flashcards

is made up of a preposition, the object of the preposition, and any modifiers of the object. May be used as an adjective, and adverb, or a noun. She was the winner of the game. (...of the game = adjective) She threw her hat into the air. (...into the air = adverb) On the podium is where she stood. (...On the podium = noun)

names the person, place, or thing a sentence is about

shows action or state of being

is any word or phrase that completes the meaning of a subject (Linking Verb) or a predicate (AV)

a word (or words) that follows a noun and helps identify it or adds more information about it; names the same person, place, thing, or idea as the noun it explains; appositive phrase is an appositive and its modifiers; is restrictive if it is necessary in order to understand the sentence; is non-restrictive if it is not necessary; non-restrictive appositive is set off by commas. The Italian sailor John Cabot explored Canada. (John Cabot) Magellan, a Spanish navigator, sailed around the world. (a Spanish navigator)

is a verb form that is used as an adjective; present participle always ends in -ing; past participle generally ends in -ed.

a verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun; can be used in a sentence as a subject, an object, a subject complement, or an appositive;

consists of a gerund, its object or complement, and any descriptive words or phrases; the entire phrase acts as a noun.

is a verb form, usually preceded by 'to', that is used as a noun, and adjective, or an adverb.

consists of an infinitive, its object or complement, and any descriptive words or phrases.

the simple subject plus all the words that describe

contains more than one noun or pronoun joined by a coordinating conjunction

is the noun or pronoun that a sentence is about

follows a linking verb such as the forms of 'be'. a noun or pronoun used as a subject complement renames the subject of the sentence; it refers to the same person, place, think, or idea. an adjective used as a subject complement describes the subject of the sentence. My uncle is a police officer. (police officer) The officer who won the medal was he. (he) His job can be dangerous. (dangerous)

stands alone before or after the word it modifies

a participial phrase that does not modify a noun or pronoun; dangling participles should be corrected. Working hard, the doghouse was soon finished. ('Working hard' - incorrect) Working hard, the girls soon finished the doghouse. (correct)

consists of the participle, its object or complement, and any descriptive words or phrases; can come before or after the word it modifies.

an infinitive without 'to'; occur after verbs of perception such as 'hear, see, know, feel' and after verbs such as 'let, make, dare, need, help'; the word 'to' is also omitted after the preposition 'but' and 'except' and the conjunction 'than'

an adverb placed between 'to' and the verb results in a split infinitive.

an infinitive used as a direct object can have a subject; the subject tells the doer of the infinitive. if the subject is a pronoun, i always in the object form.

As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one? The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam. Which book? The one on the bathroom floor! The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold. Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin! The note from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the leftover pizza. Which note? The one from Beverly!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where? Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice. How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice! Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil. When did Josh do his begging? Before class! Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace. Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!

Prepositions often begin prepositional phrases. To complete the phrase, the preposition usually teams up with a noun, pronoun, or gerund, or the object of the preposition. Here are some examples: At noon At = preposition; noon = noun or the object of the preposition. Behind them Behind = preposition; them = pronoun or the object of the preposition. Without sneezing Without = preposition; sneezing = gerund or the object of the preposition. The object of the preposition will often have modifiers that add description: At the kitchen counter At = preposition; the, kitchen = modifiers; counter = noun or the object of the preposition. Between us only Between = preposition; us = pronoun or the object of the preposition; only = modifier. Without completely finishing Without = preposition; completely = modifier; finishing = gerund or the object of the preposition. Infrequently, a clause will be the object of the preposition, as in this example: In class today, we talked about what Mr. Duncan expects in our next research essay. About = preposition; what Mr. Duncan expects in our next research essay = noun clause or the object of the preposition.

Use a comma with a prepositional phrase if the phrase is non-restrictive, or if the prepositional phrase is being used as an introductory phrase. Avoid using a comma with a prepositional phrase if the sentence reads clearly without the comma

predicate of a sentence names an action or a state of being. The horses jumped. (jumped) They were beautiful. (were) complete predicate is the verb with all its modifiers and object or complements; The horses jumped all the hurdles well. (jumped all the hurdles well)

contains more than one verb joined by a coordinating conjunction The horses ran swiftly and jumped over the fence. (ran - jumped)

is the verb or verb phrase The horses have been running for a long time. (have been running)

a verb that combines with a main verb to form a verb phrase; help show voice, mood, and tense; common auxiliary verbs are the forms of: be, have, did other auxiliary verbs are: can, could, may, might, should and will

Nouns can serve as nouns of direct address, which means that the noun is used to refer to someone directly. We use nouns of direct address all the time when we are talking. When you read, you often see nouns of direct address in conversations. Nouns of direct address are always separated from the rest of the sentence with a comma. It does not matter where they are in the sentence. Examples of Nouns of Direct Address: Examples: nouns of direct address are in ' '. 1) 'William and Mary', will you make sure you clean up your rooms? 2) I don't know, 'Grandma', whether I want chicken or fish for dinner. 3) I am sure you didn't mean to break the lamp, 'Kevin'.

Every verb in a sentence must have at least one subject. But that doesn't mean that a verb can have only one subject. Some verbs are greedy as far as subjects go. A greedy verb can have two, three, four, or more subjects all to itself. When a verb has two or more subjects, you can say that the verb has a compound subject. Check out the following examples: At the local Dairy Queen, Marsha gasped at the sight of pickle slices on her banana split. Marsha = subject; gasped = verb. At the local Dairy Queen, Jenny and Marsha gasped at the sight of pickle slices on their banana splits. Jenny, Marsha = compound subject; gasped = verb.

When two or more singular nouns or pronouns are connected by *or* or *nor*, use a singular verb. The book *or* the pen is in the drawer.

The indefinite pronouns *anyone, everyone, someone, no one, nobody* are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs. Some indefinite pronouns — such as *all, some* — are singular or plural depending on what they're referring to. (Is the thing referred to countable or not?) Be careful choosing a verb to accompany such pronouns

An appositive is a noun or noun phrase that renames another noun right beside it. The appositive can be a short or long combination of words. Look at these examples: The insect, a cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table. The insect, a large cockroach, is crawling across the kitchen table. The insect, a large cockroach with hairy legs, is crawling across the kitchen table.

The important point to remember is that a nonessential appositive is always separated from the rest of the sentence with comma(s). When the appositive begins the sentence, it looks like this: *A hot-tempered tennis player*, Robbie charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket. When the appositive interrupts the sentence, it looks like this: Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player, charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket. And when the appositive ends the sentence, it looks like this: Upset by the bad call, the crowd cheered Robbie, a hot-tempered tennis player who charged the umpire and tried to crack the poor man's skull with a racket.

Present participles can function as nouns—the subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions, and subject complements in sentences. Whenever a present participle functions as a noun, you call it a gerund. Take a look at these examples: Sneezing exhausts Steve, who requires eight tissues and twenty-seven Gesundheits before he is done. Sneezing = the subject of the verb exhausts. Valerie hates cooking because scraping burnt gook out of pans always undermines her enjoyment of the food. Cooking = the direct object of the verb hates. We gave bungee jumping a chance. Bungee jumping = indirect object of the verb gave. Joelle bit her tongue instead of criticizing her prom date's powder blue tuxedo. Criticizing = object of the preposition instead of. Omar's least favorite sport is water-skiing because a bad spill once caused him to lose his swim trunks. Water-skiing = the subject complement of the verb is.

Every gerund, without exception, ends in ing. Gerunds are not, however, all that easy to identify. The problem is that all present participles also end in ing. What is the difference? Gerunds function as nouns. Thus, gerunds will be subjects, subject complements, direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of prepositions. Present participles, on the other hand, complete progressive verbs or act as modifiers. Read these examples of gerunds: Since Francisco was five years old, swimming has been his passion. Swimming = subject of the verb has been. Francisco's first love is swimming. Swimming = subject complement of the verb is. Francisco enjoys swimming more than spending time with his girlfriend Diana. Swimming = direct object of the verb enjoys. Francisco gives swimming all of his energy and time. Swimming = indirect object of the verb gives. When Francisco wore dive fins to class, everyone knew that he was devoted to swimming. Swimming = object of the preposition to. These ing words are examples of present participles: One day last summer, Francisco and his coach were swimming at Daytona Beach. Swimming = present participle completing the past progressive verb were swimming. A Great White shark ate Francisco's swimming coach. Swimming = present participle modifying coach. Now Francisco practices his sport in safe swimming pools. Swimming = present participle modifying pools.

a group of words that has a subject and a predicate

classified by structure simple compound (coordinating conjunctions v. conjunctive adverbs) complex compound-complex

adjective adverb noun

identify and tell noun modified

identify and tell the word(s) modified

identify and tell use in the sentence

relative pronouns relative adverbs (where, when)

because, although, when, since, before, after, as soon as, where

A direct address is the name of the person (normally) who is being directly spoken to. It is always a proper noun. It does not have any grammatical relationship to any part of the sentence. It is set off by commas.

A gerund phrase will begin with a *gerund*, an *ing* word, and will include other modifiers and/or objects. Gerund phrases always function as nouns, so they will be subjects, subject complements, or objects in the sentence. Read these examples: Eating ice cream on a windy day can be a messy experience if you have long, untamed hair. Eating ice cream on a windy day = subject of the verb can be. A more disastrous activity for long-haired people is blowing giant bubble gum bubbles with the car windows down. Blowing giant bubble gum bubbles with the car windows down = subject complement of the verb is. Wild food adventures require getting your hair cut to a short, safe length. Getting your hair cut to a short, safe length = direct object of the verb require. Don't mistake a gerund phrase for a present participle phrase. Gerund and present participle phrases are easy to confuse because they both begin with an ing word. The difference is that a gerund phrase will always function as a noun while a present participle phrase describes another word in the sentence. Check out these examples: Jamming too much clothing into a washing machine will result in disaster. Jamming too much clothing into a washing machine = gerund phrase, the subject of the verb will result. Jamming too much clothing into the washing machine, Aamir saved $1.25 but had to tolerate the curious stares of other laundry patrons as his machine bucked and rumbled with the heavy load. Jamming too much clothing into the washing machine = present participle phrase describing Aamir. Bernard hates buttering toast with a fork. Buttering toast with a fork = gerund phrase, the direct object of the verb hates. Buttering toast with a fork, Bernard vowed that he would finally wash the week's worth of dirty dishes piled in the sink. Buttering toast with a fork = present participle phrase describing Bernard. My dog's most annoying habit is hogging the middle of the bed. Hogging the middle of the bed = gerund phrase, the subject complement of the linking verb is. Last night I had to sleep on the couch because I found my dog Floyd hogging the middle of the bed. Hogging the middle of the bed = present participle phrase describing Floyd.