question

Age of Universe

answer

4.7 billion years

question

the 2 Groups of Planets

answer

1) Terrestrial 2) Jovian (or Gaseous)

question

the 5 Terrestrial Planets

answer

1) the Moon 2) Mercury 3) Venus 4) Earth 5) Mars

question

the Moon

answer

1) a terrestrial planet 2) relatively small 3) no atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere 4) covered with craters that mark the birth of the solar system

question

Mercury

answer

1) terrestrial planet 2) innermost planet 3) fastest in its orbit 4) very similar to the moon

question

Venus

answer

1) terrestrial planet 2) no magnetic field which may be due to slow rotation of planet 3) no satellites 4) sister planet with Earth 5) has a runaway greenhouse effect

question

Sister Planet

answer

two or more planets that have very similar sizes, densities, and distances from the sun (along with other characteristics)

question

Mars

answer

1) terrestrial planet 2) hug canyons, volcanoes, dust storms, ice caps, and dry river beds 3) half the diameter of Earth and Venus 4) twice the size of mercury

question

the 4 Jovian Planets

answer

1) Jupiter 2) Saturn 3) Uranus 4) Neptune

question

Jupiter

answer

1) a jovian planet 2) largest of the planets 3) most complex 4) emits more energy than it receives from the sun 5) small, rocky core 6) 16 moons 7) 1 faint ring 8) similar to a mini-solar system 9) does not tilt

question

Saturn

answer

1) jovian planet 2) slightly smaller than Jupiter 3) emits more energy than it receives (not as much as Jupiter though) 4) 18 moons 5) tilted at 27 degrees 6) known for extensive rings (has hundreds of them)

question

Uranus

answer

1) jovian planet 2) covered in dry ice 3) same density as Jupiter but much smaller in size 4) only planet to lie on its side 5) 9 rings 6) 15 moons 7) sister planet of Neptune

question

Neptune

answer

1) jovian planet 2) sister planet of Uranus 3) mainly high clouds 4) covered in dry ice

question

Pluto

answer

1) not technically a planet anymore 2) smallest "planet" 3) part of the Kuiper Belt 4) similar to terrestrial planets 5) has an atmosphere 6) exhibits seasonality 7) lies on its side 8) 1 large moon

question

Kuiper Belt

answer

a region outside the orbit of Neptune where most short-period comets are thought to originate; thought to surround the solar system

question

the 6 "Spheres" of Earth

answer

1) atmosphere 2) hydrosphere 3) biosphere 4) geosphere 5) lithosphere 6) cryosphere

question

Biosphere

answer

1) One of the "spheres" of Earth 2)the totality of life-forms on Earth; the part of Earth where life exists 3) mostly exists between 150m depths in oceans and the snowline in tropical/subtropical Mt. ranges (~6000m above SL) 4) very high diversity

question

Atmosphere

answer

1) one of earth's "spheres" 2) the gaseous portion of a planet, the planets enveloped in air 3) the constant motion of the constant effect of solar effort 4) currently made of 78% N2 and 21% O2 5) divided into multiple section

question

Atmosphere: components

answer

1) 78% N2 2) 21% O2

question

Atmosphere: sections

answer

1) Troposphere 2) Stratosphere

question

Hydrosphere

answer

1) one of "spheres" on Earth 2) the water portion of the planet 3) fundamental for the creation and support of life on planet

question

Hydrosphere: % of Earth covered in water

answer

78% of Earth

question

Hydrosphere: % of Water of Earth in Oceans

answer

98% of Water on Earth

question

Geosphere

answer

1) one of the spheres of Earth 2) the solid Earth 3) describes the surface of the Earth to the center of the planet (~6400 km) 4) the largest sphere

question

Lithosphere

answer

1) one of Earth's spheres 2) the rigid outer layer of the Earth, including the crust and the upper mantle

question

Cryosphere

answer

1) one of the Earth's spheres 2) deals with planet's ice

question

Earth's Internal Structure: the 3 Main Compenents

answer

1) crust 2) mantle 3) core

question

the Crust

answer

1) relatively thin, outermost layer of the Earth 2) can be oceanic or continental

question

Mantle

answer

1) makes up 82% of Earth's volume 2) made of upper and lower sections

question

Core

answer

1) innermost, magnetic core of earth 2) outer and inner

question

Uniformitarianism

answer

1) scientific theory proposed by J. Hutton 2) the belief that anything that happens now also happened in the past (the processes that shaped the earth in the past still shape the earth today)

question

the Steps of the Scientific Method

answer

1) Questions -> data collection/observation/experiments -> 2) Hypothesis -> further testing -> 3) Theory -> further testing -> Scientific Law

question

Mineral: definition

answer

a naturally-occurring, inorganic solid with a specific chemical composition and specific, ordered crystalline structure.

question

Atom: definition

answer

the smallest fraction of an element; the fundamental unit of all things

question

Atom: main components

answer

1) proton (+) 2) neutron 3) electron (-)

question

Atomic number

answer

the number of protons in the nucleus

question

Ion

answer

1) a charged atom 2) atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons

question

Mass number

answer

the total number of protons and neutrons

question

Isotopes

answer

the same element with different numbers of neutrons

question

valence electrons

answer

the electrons in the outermost energy shell of an atom

question

8 Most Abundant Elements in Earth's Crust

answer

1) O (47%) 2) Si (28%) 3) Al (8%) 4) Fe (5%) 5) Ca (4%) 6) Na (3%) 7) K (3%) 8) Mg (2%)

question

Octet Rule

answer

atoms will be most stable with 8 electrons within their valence shells and thus will either gain or lose (or share) electrons to achieve this

question

3 Types of Bonds

answer

1) ionic 2) covalent 3) metallic

question

Ionic Bonds

answer

transferring of electrons

question

Covalent

answer

sharing of electrons

question

Metallic

answer

migrating/flow of electrons (think electric current)

question

Minerals: the 9 physical properties

answer

1) crystal form 2) cleavage (or fracture) 3) hardness 4) density 5) color 6) streak 7) luster 8) polymorphs 9) reactivity

question

Clevage

answer

the tendency for a crystal to break along parallel planes of weakness

question

Fracture

answer

no order to the breakage planes of minerals

question

Hardness

answer

1) physical property of minerals 2) the resistance to being scratched 3) uses Mohs Scale of Hardness

question

Mohs Scale of Hardness: definition

answer

a series of 10 minerals used as a standard in determining hardness

question

Mohs Scale of Hardness: the scale of minerals

answer

1 - Talc 2 - Gypsum 3 - Calcite 4 - Fluorite 5 - Apatite 6 - Orthoclase 7 - Quartz 8 - Topaz 9 - Corundum 10 - Diamond

question

2 Main Groups of Minerals

answer

1) Silicates 2) Nonsilicates

question

Silicate Minerals: general

answer

1) type of mineral 2) make up more than 90% of Earth's crust 3) basal unit: tetrahedral or octahedron

question

Silicate structures (simplest -> complex)

answer

1) independent tetrahedral/octahedral units (olivine) 2) single chains (pyroxene) 3) double chains (amphibole) 4) sheets (biotite and muscovite) 5) 3D framework (feldspars, plagioclase, and quartz)

question

3 Main Categories of Silicates

answer

1) Felsic minerals 2) Mafic minerals 3) clay minerals

question

Felsic Minerals: general

answer

1) group of silicates 2) made of mostly Si and Al and Feldspars 3) low densities 4) crystallize at low temperatures 5) generally light in color 6) make up the explosive material in the volcanic explosions 7) larger crystals

question

Felsic Minerals: the types

answer

1) Feldspar 2) Muscovite 3) Quartz

question

K-Feldspars

answer

A Felsic Silicate Mineral: 1) chemp comp: KAlSi2O8 2) color: pink/white/brown/green 3) cleavage: 2 @ 90 dg 4) hardness: 6 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic - earthy

question

Plagioclase

answer

A felsic Silicate Mineral: 1) chem: NaAlSi3O3-CaAl2Si2O8 2) color: blue-grey/black/white 3) cleavage: 2 @ nearly 90 dg and may have striations 4) hardness: 6 5) steak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic

question

Muscovite Mica

answer

a felsic silicate mineral: 1) chem: KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 2) color: colorless/ yellow brown/ red brown 3) cleavage: 1 perfect plane 4) hardness: 2.5 - 2 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic - glossy

question

Quartz

answer

a felsic silicate mineral: 1) chem: SiO2 2) color: any color - colorless 3) fracture: conchoidal 4) hardness: 7 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic - greasy/transparent - translucent

question

Mafic Minerals: general

answer

1) a type of silicate minerals 2) mostly made up of Mg and Fe 3) often dark in color 4) high density 5) rapid cooling 6) "flows"

question

Mafic minerals: types

answer

1) Olivine 2) pyroxene 3) amphibole 4) biotite mica

question

Olivine

answer

A mafic silicate mineral (first to form) 1) chem: (Mg, Fe)2SiO4 2) color: green/black/yellow 3) fracture: conchoidal 4) hardness: 7 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic - glassy

question

Pyroxene

answer

A mafic silicate mineral: 1) chem: (Mg, Fe)Si03 2) color: green - black 3) cleavage: 2 @ 90 dg 4) hardness: 5.5 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic - dull

question

Amphibole (Horneblende)

answer

a mafic silicate mineral: 1) chem: Ca2(Fe, Mg)Si8O22(OH)2 2) color: green - black 3) cleavage: 2 @ not 90 dg 4) hardness: 5.5 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic

question

Biotite Mica

answer

a mafic silicate mineral 1) chem: K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2 2) color: very dark brown - black 3) cleavage: 1 perfect plane 4) hardness: 3 5) streak: gray-brown 6) luster: nonmetallic

question

the 8 Silicate Minerals (in order of formation)

answer

1) Olivine 2) Pyroxene 3) Amphibole 4) Biotite Mica 5) Plagioclase ( Ca - Na) 6) K-feldspar 7) Muscovite mica 8) Quartz

question

The 3 Main Non-silicate Groups

answer

1) Calcites 2) Dolomites 3) Evaporites

question

Calcites

answer

non-silicate minerals: 1) chem: CaCO3 2) color: colorless/white/yellow/gray/green/brown/red/blue 3) cleavage: 3 not @ 90 4) hardness: 3 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic 7) reactive to HCl

question

Dolomite

answer

non-silicate mineral 1) chem: CaMg(CO3) 2) color: white/grey/pink/brown 3) cleavage: 3 not @ 90 4) hardness: 4 - 3.5 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic 7) reactive if powdered

question

Evaporites

answer

1) type of non-silicate minerals 2) formed in specific environments of shallow water, inland water, warm temperatures

question

Evaporites: types

answer

1) Halite 2) Gypsum

question

Halite

answer

an evaporite 1) chem comp: NaCl 2) color: colorless/yellow/red/white/blue/brown 3) cleavage: 3 @ 90 4) hardness: 2.5 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic 7) other: salty taste/ easily dissolvable

question

Gypsum

answer

an evaporite 1) chem: CaSO4-2H2O 2) color: colorless - white 3) cleavage: 1 good plane (or 2 really bad ones) 4) hardness: 2 5) streak: white 6) luster: nonmetallic 7) not reactive 8) nonelastic sheets/ easily scratched

question

Basaltic Magma

answer

1) very hot ( 900 - 1200 C) 2) Mafic 3) oceanic

question

Silicic Magma

answer

1) cooler ( less than 850 C) 2) very viscous 3) Felsic

question

Magma: compostition

answer

1) liquid portion (melt) 2) solid portion (crystals of silicates) 3) gas portion (volatiles)

question

"Melt"

answer

the liquid portion of magma

question

"Volatiles"

answer

the gas portion of magma; made up of H20, CO2, SiO2, etc

question

2 Main Textures of Igneous Rocks

answer

1) extrusive 2) intrusive

question

Crystalization

answer

the process of magma becoming a rock; gives the appearance of minerals being solidified in place; no order to the crystals

question

Igneous Rocks: the 6 Textures

answer

1) Glassy 2) Pyroclastic 3) Aphanitic 4) Phaneritic 5) Porphyritic 6) Pegmatitic

question

Glassy Texture

answer

1) texture of igneous rocks 2) fastest cooling rate 3) shows conchoidal fracture 4) no distinct visible grains 5) extrusive ex. obsidian

question

Pyroclastic Texture

answer

1) for igneous rocks 2) produced by the explosive eruption of rocks during volcanic eruption 3) tend to have vesicles 4) extrusive ex. Tuff, Pumice, Scoria

question

Aphanitic texture

answer

1) for igneous 2) crystals not visible 3) extrusive ex. Rhyolite, Andesite, and Basalt

question

Phaneritic texture

answer

1) for igneous 2) crystals visible to naked eye 3) even cooling rates/slower cooling rates 4) grains tend to be of equal size 5) intrusive ex. granite, diorite, gabbro, peridotite

question

Porphyritic texture

answer

1) for igneous 2) 2 distinct crystal sizes 3) can also be aphanitic or phaneritic depending on cooling rate

question

Pegmatitic texture

answer

1) for igneous 2) huge crystals 3) intrusive ex. pegmatite

question

Felsic Igneous Rock Compositions

answer

1) quartz 2) orthoclase or K-feldspar 3) Na-rich plagioclase 4) muscovite 5) amphibole 6) biotite

question

Intermediate Igneous Rock Compositions

answer

1) quartz 2) Na and Ca-rich plagioclase 3) biotite 4) amphibole 5) pyroxene

question

Mafic Igneous Rock Compositions

answer

1) Ca-rich plagioclase 2) pyroxene 3) olivine

question

3 Ways to Alter Magma

answer

1) assimilation 2) crystallization and settling 3) magma mixing

question

2 Main Reasons for Volano Erruption

answer

1) partial melting 2) changing in density

question

Viscosity

answer

the mobility of a liquid/solid (like lava)

question

Factors that affect Viscosity

answer

1) temperature ( inversely) 2) composition (silica = more viscous) 3) dissolved gases (inversely)

question

3 types of Magma

answer

1) rhyolitic 2) andesitic 3) basaltic

question

Types of Extruded Materials

answer

1) Lava Flows 2) Gases 3) Pyroclastics

question

Lava Flows

answer

1) type of volcanic extruded material 2) 90% Mafic 3) mostly basaltic lava and highly fluid

question

Lava Flows: types

answer

1) Aa 2) Pahoehoe 3) Lava tubes 4) Pillow lavas

question

Aa

answer

1) a lava flow 2) basalt 3) rough, blocky texture 4) cooler and viscous 5) dangerously sharp edges

question

Pahoehoe

answer

1) lava flow 2) basalt 3) smooth, ropey surface 4) higher temp and less viscous 5) can become - 6) can often become lava tubes

question

Lava tubes

answer

1) lava flow 2) basalt 3) horizontal tunnels that transport lava

question

Pillow lava

answer

1) lava flow 2) basalt 3) only underwater 4) can tell the paleo-up

question

Pyroclastics: general

answer

1) a type of extruded material 2) ejected out of the volcano 3) made of either Scoria or Pumice

question

Type of Pyroclastics

answer

1) Dush and Ash 2) Lapilli 3) Bombs and Blocks

Physical Geology: TEST 1 – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards