Dutch, English, and French Exploration – Flashcards
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Why didn't the Dutch, English and French explore until the 16th century?
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because of religious wars and other problems at home
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What had made the Dutch, English and French ready to compete with the Spanish and Portuguese?
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they had devised effective economic incentives to foster their own colonialism
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Who had allowed only a small percentage of their business company to monopolize opportunities abroad, thus limiting available investment resources?
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the Spanish and Portuguese
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What did the Dutch, English and French encourage their merchants and bankers to do?
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to invest in overseas commerce
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How did the Dutch, English and French encourage their merchants and bankers to invest in overseas commerce?
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-by granting charters to new "joint stock" companies specializing in trading and colonization -by making participants in joint stock companies' risks limited to the proportion of their investment, which encouraged smaller companies to put their money in new overseas companies -by easier access to marine insurance
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When did Dutch, English and French exploration begin?
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1497
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What did Dutch, English and French explorers first look for?
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a northwest passage to Asia around North America- they failed
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Why couldn't the Dutch, English and French find a northwest passage to Asia around North America?
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the northern seas were clogged with impenetrable ice
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What valuable materials did Dutch, English and French explorers find in the northern parts of North America?
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-furs -fish (in the North Atlantic) -timber
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How did the Dutch, English and French attack Spain and Portugal?
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they smuggled goods and slaves into Spanish colonies- interlopers would attack Spanish and Portuguese ships with riches on them (the Dutch were particularly active in this practice)
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What were the two types of pirates?
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-buccaneers -marauders
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What did the pirates do?
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pillaged the "Spanish Main," raiding Spanish silver fleets and attacking Caribbean ports
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What did the Dutch, English and French do in the mid-17th century?
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they attempted the conquest of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Western Hemisphere, as well as in Africa and Asia
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What did the Dutch, English and French gain after attempting the conquest of Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Western Hemisphere in the mid-17th century?
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a number of small islands in the West Indies
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What did the Dutch, English and French do with their islands in the West Indies?
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they turned them into agricultural plantations for growing sugar and tobacco
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What did the Dutch, English and French use to work the crops on their islands in the West Indies?
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slaves shipped in from their trading posts in West Africa
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What was the result of the constant importation of slaves into European plantation colonies?
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it quickly transformed the racial composition of the eastern edge of the Western Hemisphere, replacing the Amerindian population with a few Europeans a masses of black slaves
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During the 17th century, what did the Dutch, English and French establish?
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new colonies along the east coast of North America
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What type of trade did the Dutch, Swedes and French want to have with the Amerindians?
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a lucrative fur trade
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Who wanted to have a lucrative fur trade with the Amerindians?
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the Dutch, Swedes and French
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Why couldn't the Dutch, Swedes and French develop a lucrative fur trade with the Amerindians?
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because their colonies proved to be only modestly profitable, considering the cost of maintenance and defense
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What did the Dutch, Swedes and French do to cut down on costs?
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they brought over a few farmers to provide food
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What are "New Europes"?
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colonies that were replicas of European society established by the English on the East Coast of North America with large numbers of European settlers
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What did the English do in order to get the Amerindians out of the "New Europes"?
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killed them off or drove them out
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Who established "New Europes"?
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English
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When were "New Europes" established?
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1607
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What were the motives behind the creation of "New Europes"?
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-skin and fur trade with Amerindians, as the French and Dutch were doing -finding/growing the products that had made the Spanish and Portuguese rich, including gold, silver, spices, silk and tea -outflanking the Spanish -converting Amerindians to Christianity -removing from England some of its criminals, paupers, unemployed, religious dissenters, and political enemies (thought the work of these people would be profitable to the merchant trading companies)
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Who was a "booster"?
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Richard Hakluyt
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How many settlers came to English North America by the mid-17th century?
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100,000 (because of "boosters" and varying degrees of pressure by the government and the trading companies)
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What were the natural products North of Chesapeake Bay?
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-timber (only one wanted in England) -fish -grain -meat
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Where were the foodstuffs produced North of Chesapeake Bay sent?
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the Caribbean
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What did the foodstuffs sent to the Caribbean from North of Chesapeake Bay allow for?
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the planters there to keep their slaves at work exclusively growing sugar and tobacco
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What were the products South of Chesapeake Bay?
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-tobacco -rice -indigo -cotton (slaves from the Caribbean and Africa were brought in to raise these products)
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What were brought in to raise the products South of Chesapeake Bay?
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slaves from the Caribbean and Africa
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What was the result of slaves from the Caribbean and Africa being brought in to raise the products South of Chesapeake Bay?
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some areas South of Chesapeake Bay took on brutal economic and social characteristics of the plantation culture of the Caribbean and Brazil
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By when had the center of economic power in Europe shifted from the Iberian Peninsula to North European nations?
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mid-17th century
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Who supplanted the Portuguese power in most of Asia during the 17th century?
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the Dutch and English
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When did the Dutch first appear in Southeast Asia?
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in the late 16th century
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Why did the Dutch attack the Spanish-Portuguese trading posts whenever and trade with Asians wherever possible?
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they needed money to support their war of independence from Spain
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What is an early example of commercial espionage?
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in 1595 a Dutchman who had spent many years in service for the Portuguese in Goa and other parts of Asia published a manual on sailing to the eastern seas
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What was the result of the "inside" information the Dutch received?
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they immediately set sail for Southeast Asia
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How were the Dutch welcomed in Southeast Asia?
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-some local rulers were anxious to obtain Dutch assistance in ousting the Portuguese -some Muslim rulers were happy to conclude treaties with the Dutch because they had no interest in converting them to Christianity
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What did the developments between the Dutch and Southeast Asians lead to?
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a lucrative trade to Dutch merchants
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Between 1595 and 1601, how many Dutch ships sailed for the East Indies under various commercial companies?
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65
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What did the Dutch government give the United Dutch East India Company in 1602?
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-a charter -monopoly rights to make treaties, trade, and establish forts in lands bordering the Indian and Pacific Oceans
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What became the largest commercial enterprise to date in the world?
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the United Dutch East India Company (capital of 6.5 million guilders)
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Why did stocks sold to private shareholders soar in price?
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enormous profits poured in
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What percent did dividends average annually?
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37%, and in some years went as high as 75%
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What type of trade did the Dutch want to monopolize?
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the spice trade
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What did the Dutch do to gain complete control of the spice trade?
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they launched a systematic war of attrition against the Portuguese
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What did the systematic war of attrition launched by the Dutch against the Portuguese lead to?
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the siege and fall of Malacca in 1640
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What made the Portuguese commerce in Asia miniscule?
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the systematic war of attrition launched by the Dutch against the Portuguese
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Who had faced a similar fate in Southeast Asia?
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the English
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How did the English face a similar fate in Southeast Asia?
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Beginning in 1600, the English East India Company sought a share in the lucrative spice trade of the East Indies. When they were both interlopers, the English and Dutch had cooperated against the Portuguese. However, as Portuguese power waned, the two newly emerging commercial powers became bitter rivals.
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What did the Dutch do in 1623 that ended English trade in the East Indies?
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the massacre of an entire staff of an English trading post
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Where did the Dutch expel the Portuguese from in 1658?
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Ceylon
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What is the significance of Ceylon?
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it was a valuable way station and the sole producer of cinnamon
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What did the capture of Ceylon do for the Dutch?
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the Dutch gained control of the entire lucrative spice trade from Asia to Europe (would control for the next century and a half)
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Where were the Dutch Asian administrative and governing headquarters?
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Batavia (present-day Jakarta), a port on the northwestern coast of the island of Java- guarded by a great fortress
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What was an entrepot of intra-Asian trade from Japan to Persia and the clearinghouse of Asian goods shipped by the Dutch to Europe?
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Batavia
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Who manned Batavia?
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1,200 Dutch soldiers and Japanese mercenaries
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Who supervised trade, defense, and administration at Java?
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the governor-general and an advisory council appointed by the East India Company and only indirectly responsible to the Dutch government
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What were the Dutch mainly interested in in the 17th century?
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trade- not colonization or direct territorial control
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Who now had the best ships in the world that patrolled the sea lanes and protected important ports?
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the Dutch
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What did the Dutch do to continue their trade dominance?
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-eliminated rivals -exacted a tariff on all traffic -maintained the Dutch monopoly on spies wanted by Europeans -intervened in local wars to help friendly rulers stay in power and only acquired territory when trade demanded territorial control
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How did the Dutch maintain their northern European lifestyles in the tropical climate of Asia?
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-wore heavy woolen clothes -seldom bathed -lived in Dutch-style houses with windows tightly closed -ate heavy northern European style meals -drank large quantities of gin, beer, and wine -died prematurely -did not learn the native language
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What did the Dutch speak instead of native Asian languages?
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a form of debased Portuguese that long remained the international trading language of Southeast Asia
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What happened when many women refused to move from the Netherlands to the East Indies?
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Dutch men formed unions with local women; a shortage of Dutch immigrants caused the company to encourage Chinese and Japanese immigrants
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What qualities of the Japanese and the Chineses did the Dutch like?
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business skill of Chinese merchants and fighting qualities of Japanese samurai
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What did new Japanese laws do in the early 17th century?
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cut off fresh supplies of immigrants
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Why was there a large influx of southern Chinese refugees in the late 17the century?
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they were fleeing the Manchu conquest of China
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What spurred the economic development of JAva?
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the large influx of southern Chinese refugees in the late 17th century
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Where did the Dutch establish an outpost and oust a Portuguese garrison?
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Taiwan
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When were the Dutch expelled from Taiwan? By whom?
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in the mid-17th century by China
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What animal did local southern Taiwan people respect and why?
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they gecko because they altered Chinese forces of a Dutch night attack by squawking loudly
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Which power had overtaken the Dutch by the late 17th century?
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British power
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Where did Dutch control continue?
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Java- established plantations to grow export- oriented commercial crops-many local rulers allied with the Dutch to exploit the peasants
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What were the most important commercial crops?
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-coffee- from Arabia -sugarcane- from China -tea- from China -indigo for dye-making
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Why did many local rulers join forces authorities after seeing the benefits in plantation?
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to exploit the peasants
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Who was Lieutenant Governor of Java and under a British administration who reformed some of the abuses of Dutch rule?
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Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
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Which colonial rivalry continued throughout the 18th century?
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Anglo-Dutch
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In which war did the French and Dutch fight against Great Britain?
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The American War of Independence
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What were the results of the American War of Independence?
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Britain lost its North American colonies but emerged as the dominant naval power
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Where had Britain's overseas interests shifted to after the American War of Independence?
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Asia
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When did war break out between the French and Dutch against Britain and other European powers?
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1793
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Where did Britain seize Dutch outposts and colonies and when?
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-Cape of Good Hope and Malacca-1795 -Ceylon-1796 -Java-1811
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Why did Britain seize Dutch outposts and colonies?
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to deprive France of the benefits of the Dutch Empire
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Who was a rising young administrator of the British East India Company that ruled Java and other Dutch possessions in the East Indies between 1811-1816 and instituted many liberal reform, including the ending of forced delivery of cash crops?
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Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles
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What did Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles commission?
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the first archaeological survey of Borobudur
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What is Borobudur?
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a huge ancient Buddhist movement on Java
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When and why were the Dutch possessions in the East Indies returned?
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1816 in the territorial settlement that ended the Napoleonic Wars
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What did Raffles purchase from a Malay prince in 1819?
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Singapore, a fishing village situated at the extremity of the Malay Peninsula that had a deep water port and was strategically located to control trade between the Indian and Pacific oceans
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What did Singapore attract under British rule?
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Chinese settlers
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What did Singapore become?
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as a freeport, it became a thriving entrepot of international trade
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From Singapore, where did Britain extend its control?
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Malay
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Where did Britain control in Southeast Asia?
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Island of Borneo
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What job did most people in Southeast Asia have?
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most were subsistence farmers
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What activity produced food that supplemented the diet?
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fishing
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What did most people wear in Southeast Asia?
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a blouse and a sarong or wrap made of locally woven or traded cotton or silk cloths
