Pearson Anatomy & Physiology (Tenth Edition) Ch. 1 – Flashcards
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Anatomy
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The study of body structure
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Physiology
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Study of function
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Macroscopic Anatomy
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Study of relatively large structures (ex organs and organ systems)
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Microscopic Anatomy
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deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye
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Cytology
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Study of the cells
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Histology
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study of tissues
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Embryology
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study of embryos and their development
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Renal Physiology
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concerns kidney function and urine production
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Neurophysiology
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Explains the working of the nervous system
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Cardiovascular Physiology
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examines the operation of the heart and blood vessels
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Chemical level
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atoms and molecules, the simplest level of the structural hierarchy
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Cellular Level
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Cells are made up of molecules
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Tissue Level
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Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a common function.
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Organ Level
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Made up of different types of tissues
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Organ System Level
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a group of organs with similar or common function
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Organismal level
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Largest level of organization. All the systems of the body make up an organism.
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Maintaining Boundaries
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separation between internal and external environments.
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Movement
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Includes the activities promoted by the muscular system.
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Contractility
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the muscle cell's ability to move by shortening
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Responsiveness
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ability to sense and respond to stimuli
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Digestion
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breakdown of ingested foodstuffs to simple molecules that can be absorbed into the blood.
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Metabolism
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all of the chemical processes that build up or break down materials
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Catabolism
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breakdown of molecules
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Anabolism
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synthesis of molecules
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Excretion
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Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body
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Reproduction
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At the cellular level- division of cells At the organismal level- production of offspring
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Growth
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Increase in size or body part.
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Survival Needs
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nutrients, oxygen, water, body temperature, atmospheric pressure
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Integumentary System
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Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissue from injury. Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc.) receptors and sweat and oil glands.
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Skeletal System
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Protects and supports body organs, and provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement. Blood cells are formed within bones. Bones store minerals.
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Muscular System
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression. Maintains posture, and produces heat.
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Nervous System
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As the fast acting control system of the body, it responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
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Endocrine System
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Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells.
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Cardiovascular System
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Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes etc. The heart pumps blood.
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Lymphatic System
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream. Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.
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Respiratory System
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Keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.
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Digestive System
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells. Indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated as feces.
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Urinary System
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Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body. Regulates water, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.
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Reproductive System
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Overall function is production of offspring.
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Nutrients
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Chemicals for energy and cell building ex: carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, and vitamins
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Water
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Most abundant chemical in the body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions.
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Homeostasis
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ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously.
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Receptor
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is some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli, by sending information to the control center. Input is sent along afferent pathway to control center.
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Control Center
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determines the set point, which is the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained. It also analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate response.
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Effector
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Receives output from control center through the efferent pathway. Provides the means to respond. Response reduces stimulus or enhances it.
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Oxygen
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Essential for release of energy. Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
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Negative Feedback
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feedback that reduces the output of a system
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Positive Feedback
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Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output.
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Homeostatic Imbalance
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a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease
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Axial
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Makes up the main axis of our body, includes the head, neck, and trunk.
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Appendicular
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Includes the limbs which are attached to the body's Axis
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Cephallic
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Head
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Frontal
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Forehead
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Orbital
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Eye
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Nasal
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Nose
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Buccal
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Cheek
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Otic
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Ear
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Oral
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Mouth
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Mental
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Chin
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Occipital
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back of head
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Nuchal
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back of neck
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Cervical
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Neck
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Acromial
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point of shoulder
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Brachial
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Arm
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Antecubital
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front of elbow
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Olecranal
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Elbow
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Antebrachial
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Forearm
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Carpal
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Wrist
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Metacarpal
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Hand
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Palmer
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Palm of the hand
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Pollex
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Thumb
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Digital
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Fingers or toes
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Thoracic
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pertaining to the chest
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Sternal
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Sternum
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Axillary
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Armpit
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Mammary
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breast
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Anterior
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Ventral, located towards the front of the body
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Posterior
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Dorsal, back of the body
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Scapular
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shoulder blade
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vertebral
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spine
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Lumbar
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lower back
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Sacral
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Tailbone
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Gluteal
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Buttock
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Perineal
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Region between the anus and external genitalia
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Umbilical
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central region near the navel
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Inguinal
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groin
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Pubic
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genital region
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Coxal
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Hip
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Femoral
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Thigh
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Patellar
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Knee
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Popliteal
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Back of knee
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Crural
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shin
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Sural
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calf
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Fibular
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lateral (side) part of leg
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Manus
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pertaining to the hand
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Pedal
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Pertaining to the foot
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Tarsal
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ankle
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calcaneal
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heel
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Metatarsal
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top of foot
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plantar
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sole of foot
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Hallux
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big toe
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Superior
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cranial, above, higher on the body, nearer to the head
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Inferior
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caudal, lower on the body, farther from the head
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Medial
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Toward the midline of the body
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Lateral
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Away from the midline of the body
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Intermediate
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between a more medial and a more lateral structure. ex: the collar bone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder.
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Proximal
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Nearer to the trunk of the body. Closer to the point of attachment Ex: elbow is _________ to wrist
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Distal
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Farther from the trunk of the body Farther from the point of attachment Ex: knee is _______to thigh
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Superficial
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external, toward or at the body surface
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Deep
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Away from the body surface; more internal
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Sagittal Plane
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vertical division of the body into right and left portions
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Midsagittal plane
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divides body into equal left and right parts
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Parasagittal plane
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vertical plane that divides into UNEQUAL left and right parts
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Frontal plane
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coronal, vertically divide the body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse plane
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A horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior sectionsD
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Dorsal body cavity
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cavity that protects the fragile nervous system organs, has 2 subdivisions; cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
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Ventral body cavity
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cavity that contains the structures within the chest and abdomen
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Cranial Cavity
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cavity that contains the brain
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vertebral Cavity
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cavity that contains spinal cord
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thoracic cavity
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cavity housing lungs and heart
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abdominopelvic cavity
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Continuous cavity formed by the abdominal and pelvic cavities
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Pleural Cavity
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the cavity between the lungs and the wall of the chest
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Mediastinum
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area between the lungs containing the heart, aorta, venae cavae, esophagus, and trachea
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Pericardial Cavity
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The cavity within the mediastinum that houses the heart
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Pelvic Cavity
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cavity that contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum
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Serosa
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thin, double-layered membranes that cover surfaces in ventral body cavity.
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parietal serosa
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part of the membrane lining the cavity walls
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visceral serosa
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part of the membrane that covers/lines the organ.
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serous fluid
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In the body, the serous membranes are separated by a thin, slitlike layer of lubricating fluid.
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umbilical region
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The centermost region, which includes the umbilicus
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epigastric region
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Located superior to the umbilical region
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hypogastric region
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inferior to the umbilical region, pubic region.
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right iliac region
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located lateral to the hypogastric region
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left iliac region
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located lateral to the hypogastric region
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right lumbar region
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located lateral to the umbilical region
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left lumbar region
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located lateral to the umbilical region
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right hypochondriac region
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lateral to the epigastric region
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left hypochondriac region
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lateral to the epigastric region
