Top 75 Pathogens – Flashcards
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| Bacillus anthracis |
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| ~Gram(+, Aerobic, spore-forming rods ~Cause ANTHRAX ~Reservoir: Herbivores (zoonotic): -Sheep, Goats, Cattle ~Transmission: Endospores -Cutaneous, Inhalation, Ingestion ~Metabolism: Can grow without oxygen (facultative anerobe) ~Virulence: 1.Protein Capsule- antiphagocytic 2.Non-motile ~Toxins: Exotoins ~Clinical: Anthrax 1.Cutaneous(95%)-painless black vesicles 2.Pulmonary(woolsorter's disease) 3.GI: abdominal pain, vomiting bloody diarrhea -infxn results in permanent immunity (if the patient survives) BACTERIA |
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| Borrelia burgdorferi |
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| -LYME DISEASE -RESERVOIR:white-footed mouse-tailed deer -VECTOR:Ixodes tics -Microaerophilic -Dx: ELISA and Western Immunoblotting BACTERIA |
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| Brucella sp |
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| -TRANSMISSION: 1.direct contact w/ contaminated live-stock or aborted placentas 2.ingestion of infxed milk prdcts. 3.aerosolization in lab or due to bioterrorism -VIRULENCE: Capsule, Nonmotile, Tropism for erythritol -Obligate aerobe -BRUCELLOSIS: undulating fever, weakness, loss of appetite -Induces abortion in animals -Rx: 1.Pasteruizing of milk 2.immunized cattle with living attenuated strain of Brucella abortus -Dx: 1.culture of blood, bone marrow(best), liver, or lymph nodes 2.seroligic tests 3.skin test: indicates exposure -FACULTATIVE INTRACELLULAR PARASITE BACTERIA |
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| Campylobacter jejuni |
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| -ZOONOTIC:wild and domestic animals, and poultry -TRANSMISSION: 1.uncooked meat (poultry) 2.unpasteurized milk 3.Fecal-Oral 4.Morphology:curved G(-) rods, w/ single polar flagellum -Microaerophilic -Oxidase (+) -Optimum temp= 42 celsius -Motile and invasive -Enterotoxin and Cytotoxin(destroys mucosal cells) -CLIINICAL: secretory of bloody diarrhea -RX: Fluoroquinolone, Erythromycin -Dx:Microsociopic exam of stool, Selective media w/ AB at 42 celsius BACTERIA |
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| Chlamydia pneumoniae |
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| -RESERVOIR:Human -TRANSMISSION:Respiratory route -CLINICAL:Atypical pneumonia-viral like in young adult -Dx:Serologic, NO iodine BACTERIA |
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| Chlamydia trachomatis |
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| -RESERVOIR: Humans -Gram (-), lacks peptidoglycan layer and muramic acid -TRANSMISSION: 1.direct personal contact 2.primarily affects the eyes, genitals, and lungs 3.transmission due to poor hygiene and not found in underdeveloped countries -VIRULENCE; 1.resistant to iysozyme (b/c cell wall lacks muramic acid) 2.prevents phagosome 3.Non-motile -obligate intracellular parasites- steal ATP from host with ATP/ADP translocator -CLINICAL: 1.Serotypes A, B, & C: -Trachoma: corneal scarring and blindness 2.Serotypes D through K; -Inclusion conjunctivitis (ophthalmia neonatorum) -infant pneumonia -urethritis, cervicitis, and PID in women -nongonococcal urethritis, epididymitis and prostatitis in men ~Complications of chlamydial genital tract infxns: -Sterility, ectopic pregancny and chronic pain after PID -Reiter's syndrome: traid of conjuctivitis, urethritis, and arthritis -Fitz-Hugh-Curtis Syndrome: perihepatitis 3.Serotypes L1,L2,& L3: -Lymphogranuloma venereum -Rx: Systemic rx is required for any chlamydial eye infxn. Especially for infants -Dx: Can NOT be grown on artificial media ~can be grown in chick yolk sacs. ~Polymerase Chain Reaction ~Immunofluorescent slide test ~Serologic Tests ~Frei test, BACTERIA |
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| Clostridium botulinum |
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| -RESERVOIR: 1.Soil 2.Stored Veggies 3.Smoked Fish 4.Fresh Honey -TRANSMISSION: Endospores -Anaerobic -Motile: flagella (H-antigen +) -Neurotoxin: inhibits release of aCh -Toxin is released upon death -CLINICAL 1.Food-borne Botulism: -Cranial nerve palsies -Muscle weakness -Respiratory paralysis 2.Infant Botulism: -constipation -flaccid paralysis 3.Wounded botulism: -absence of GI prodromal symptoms -Rx: 1.antitoxin (food-borne and wound) 2.Human botulism immunoglobulin (infant) 3.Supportive therapy (incubation and ventilatory assistance) Dx: Gram stain, Culture (anaerobic conditions), Pt.'s serum injected into mice kills mice BACTERIA |
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| Clostridium difficile |
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| -RESERVOIR:Intestinal tract, endospores from hospitals -TRANSMISSION: Fecal-Oral (ingestion of endospore -Anaerobic -Motile: flagella -Toxin A: diarrhea -Toxin B: cytotoxic to colonic epithelial cells -CLINICAL: Pseudomembranous entercolitis: AB associated diarrhea -Dx: immunoassay for toxin, Colonoscopy BACTERIA |
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| Clostridium tetani |
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| -RESERVOIR: soil -TRANSMISSION: endospores (through wound) -ANAEROBIC -Motile: flagella -Tetanospasmin: inhibits release of GABA and glycine (both inhibitiory neurotransmitters) from nerve cells, resulting in sustained, muscle contraction -CLINICAL: Tetanus 1.Muscle spasms 2.Lockjaw (trismus) 3.Risus sardonicus 4.Respiratory muscle paralyis -Dx: 1.Toxoid: vaccination part of DPT 2.Antitoxin 3.Clean wound 4.Penicillin 5.Supportive therapy: may require ventilatory assisistance -Vaccine: DPT - Diptheria, Pertussis, and Tetanus Dx: Gram Stain (G+ rods), Culture (anaerobic conditions) BACTERIA |
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| Ehrlichia chaffeensis |
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| -RESERVOIR: Dogs -TRANSMISSION: Ticks -CLINICAL: 1.Human Ehrlichiosis: rash is rare -Rx: resistant to chloramphenicol -Dx: Blood smears sometimes BACTERIA |
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| Escherichia coli |
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| -RESERVOIR: humans (GI tract and UT) -TRANSMISSION: 1.Fecal-Oral 2.Migration up the urethra 3.Foley Catheters 4.aspiration of oral E.coli -Indole + -Beta-hemolytic -Ferments lactose -Pili -siderophores -adhesins -capsule -flagella -Enterotoxins 1.LT (heat liable) 2.ST (heat stable) 3.Shiga-like toxin (verotoxin) -CLINICAL: -newborn meningitis -UTI -Hospital-acquired sepsis -Hospital-acquired pneumonia -Diarrhea -Dx: Gram stain, Cuture, Pathogenic strains from stool, deep purple to black or pink-puplre -index organism for fecal contamination of water BACTERIA |
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| Francisella tularensis |
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| -RESERVOIR: Rabbits, Squirrels, ticks -TRANSMISSION: 1.Bite of tick, deerfly or infxed animals 2.Direct contact with infxed aminal tissue 3.inhaled aerosolized organisms 4.ingestion of contaminated meat/water 5.Easily transmitted to lab personnel -Obligate aerobe -needs cysteine -Capsule: antiphagocytic -Nonmotile -CLINICAL: -Tularemia 1.ulceroglandular: at the site of tick bite/ direct contact with contaminated rabbit 2.Pneumonia: inhalation, or through blood 3.Oculoglandular: direct inoculation into eyes 4.Typhoidal: ingestion results in GI symptoms and fever -Rx: attenuated vaccine -Dx: Clutlure (dangerous b/c high infectivity), skin test, measure rise in IgG -Facultative intracellular parasite BACTERIA |
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| Haemophilus influenzae |
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| -RESERVOIR:Man only -TRANSMISSION: rESPIRATORY ROUTE -Obligate Human Parasite -Capsule (b most virulent) -Attachment Pilli -IgA1 protease -CLINICAL: ~ENCAPSULATED 1.Meningitis: complications (mental retardation, seizures, deafness, and death) 2.Acute epiglottitis 3.Septic arthritis (infants) 4.Sepsis 5.pneumonia ~NONENCAPSULATED 1.Otitis media 2.Sinusitis 3.COPD exacerbation and pneumonia -Rx: Hib Vaccine, Passive immunization -Dx: Gram Stain, Culture(chocolate agar), fluorescent, ELISA, Positive Quellung test -Requires X-factor (hematin) and V factor: NAD+ BACTERIA |
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| Helicobacter pylori |
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| -Curved Gram - rod -flagellum -Microaerophilic -Urease-positive -CLINICAL 1.Duodenal ulcers 2.Chronic gastritis |
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| Klebsiella pneumoniae |
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| -Indole-negative -Ferments lactose -Capsule -nonmotile -CLINICAL 1.Pneumonia (w/ lung necrosis & bloody sputum, in alcoholics) 2.Hospital acquired UTI and sepsis BACTERIA |
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| Legionella pneumophila |
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| -RESERVOIR: men and natural water environments (air conditioning systems and cooling towers) -Faculatative intracellular parasite: -pili and flagella -protein toxins -Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase -CLINICAL 1.PONTIAC FEVER: self-limiting in a week 2.LEGIONNAIRES' DISEASE: pneumonia, fever and nonproductive cough -Dx: Culture on charcoal yeast, Serology (IFA & ELISA), Radioimunoassay (high sensitivity and specificity) -Immunocompromised pt.s are more susceptible BACTERIA |
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| Leptospira interogans |
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| -RESERVOIR:zoonotic (cats, dogs, livestock and wild animals) -TRANSMISSION: direct contact with infected urine or animal tissue -AEROBIC -periplasmic flagella -CLINICAL 1.first phase (leptospiremic): thighs and lower back aches 2.second phase (Immune): neck pain 3.WEIL'S DISEASE: severe case of leptospiorsis w/ renal failure, hepatitis, mental status changes and hemorrhage in many orgnas -Rx: penicillin G -Dx: Culture, ELISA, PCR BACTERIA |
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| Listeria monocytogenes |
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| -Gram + rods -Non-spore forming -Motile -TRANSMISSION: 1.Ingestion of contaminated raw milk or cheese from infxed cow 2.vaginally (during birth) 3.transplacental infxn of fetus from mother -facultative anaerobe -catalase + -Beta-hemolytic -Heymolysin (heat liable, Antigenic) -Listeriolysin O and Phospholipases: toxins -CLINICAL: 1.meningitis (neonatal and immunosupressed pts and elderly 2septicemia in pregnant women -Dx: Gram stain, culture -Cell-mediated immunity is protective |
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| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
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| -Aerobic -Catalase + -mycosides (cord factor, sulfatides, Wax D) -Iron siderophore -Facultative intracellular growth -CLINICAL 1.TB -Primary TB: Asymptomatic, Overt disease (involve lungs/other organs) 2.Reactivation or Secondary TB: -Pulmonary -pleuroal or pericardial -Lymph node infxn -kidney -skeletal -joints -CNS -Miliary TB Dx: Acid Fast stain, Rapid Culture, PPD skin test, Chest xray, PCR and DNA probes, MTDT, QuantiiFERON-TB BACTERIA |
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| Mycoplama pneumoniae |
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| -NO CELL WALL -Pleomorphic -smaller than some viruses -motile -Requires CHOLESTEROL -Facultative ANAEROBE -Protein P1 -CLINICAL: -tracheobronchitis -walking pneumonia (fever and nonproductive hacking cough -Dx:Cold agglutinins, Complement fixation test, Culture, Rapid ID tests -Chest Xray will show patchy infiltrates that look worse than phys. exam -Usually occurs in children, adolescents, and young adults BACTERIA |
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| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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| -RESERVOIR:Humans (sexually transmitted) -Kidney bean shaped, doughnut -GRAM - DIPLOCOCCI -Facultative -ANAEROBE -high CO2 environments -ferments glucose -pili (adherence, antigenic variation, antiphagocytic -IgA1 protease -unique proteins -Endotoxin: LPS -CLINICAL: -asymptomatic -men:urethritis -women:Cervical gonorreha (can lead to PID) ~sterility, ectopic pregnancy, abscess, peritonitis, perihepatitis -Both men and women: ~Gonococcal bacteremia, septic arthritis -Neonates: OPTHALMIA NEONATORUM conjuctivitis in newborns -Dx: gram stain, Culture (chocolate agar), BACTERIA |
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| Neisseria meningitidis |
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| -RESERVOIR:nasopharynx of humans -TRANSMISSION: respiratory -Gram(-) diplococci -Facultative-anaerobe -grows in CO2 environment -Ferments both MALTOSE & GLUCOSE -capsule -IgA1 protease -Pili -CLINICAL: -asymptomatic -Meningitis: Fever, stiff neck, vomiting, lethargy or altered mental state, petechial rash -septicemeia: fever, petechial rash, hypotension, fulminant, ~WATERHOUS-FRIDERCHSEN SYNDROME: hemorrhage of adrenal glands Rx: Vaccine, AB DX: gram stain, culture (choc.agar) -neonates and army recruits at high risk BACTERIA |
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| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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| -Obligate aerobe -oxidase + -motile -hemolysin -exotoxin a, collagenase, elastase, fibrinolysin, phospholipase C, DNAase -CLINICAL -pneumonia (cystic fibrosis pts. -Osteomyelitis (diabetic pts, IV users, -Burn wound infxns -sepsis -UTI _endocarditiis (iv abusers) -malignant external otitis -corneal ifnx (contact lens) -Dx: culture (green, smells like grape) -opportunistic pathogen BACTERIA |
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| Rickettsia prowazekii |
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| -RESERVOIR:Humans, Flying squirrels -TRANSMISSION: human body louse -CLINICAL: -Epidemic Louse-borne Typhus -Brill-Zinsser Disease: no Rash -DX: Weil-Felix Reaction: positive Ox-19, Serology BACTERIA |
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| Rickettsia rickettsii |
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| -RESERVOIR:Dogs, rabbits, & wild rodents -TRANSMISSION: wood tick, dog tick -CLINICAL: -Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever -Dx: Clinical exam, immunofluorescent exam of skin, serology, Wiel-Felix Rxn BACTERIA |
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| Rickettsia typhi |
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| -RESERVOIR:rats, small rodents -TRANSMISSION:Rat flea -CLINICAL: -Endymic typhus -Dx: Weil-Felix rxn |
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| Salmonella sp |
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| -S. Typhi= humans -transmitted via fecal-oral -produce H2S -motile -capsule -siderophore -non-typhi= zoonotic: pet turtles, chickens, uncooked eggs -CLINICAL -Enteric Fever (typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever {nontyphoid salmonella}, -Chronic carrier state -gastroenteritis -sepsis -osteomyelitis Dx: culture (never part of NF) -Facultative intracellular parasite -people who are asplenic are at increased risk BACTERIA |
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| Shigella |
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| -Reservoir: humans -Transmission: Fecal-Oral -No H2S pdction -INvades submucosa or intestinal tract -Shiga Toxin -CLINICAL -Bloody diarrhea -Dx:Stool culture (never NF) -IgA is best for immunity BACTERIA |
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| Staphylococcus aureus |
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| -Catalase + -Coagulase + -Faculatative Anaerobe -Penicillinase, leukocidins, hemolysins, coagulase, Protein A, tissue-destroying proteins (hyaluronidase, staphylokinase, lipase) -Toxins: exfoliatin, entertoxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin -CLINICAL -Exotoxin Dependent -Gastroenteritis, toxic shock syndrome, -Direct Invasion -Pneumonia, meningitis, Osteomyelitis (children), Acute Bacterial endocarditis, septic arthritis skin infxn, bacteremia/sepsis, UTI Rx: penincillinase-resistant penicillin Dx: gram stain; culture, PCR Gram + cocci BACTERIA |
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| Staphylococcus epidermidis |
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| -Catalse + -Coagulase negative -Facultative anaerobe -polysaccharide capsule (biofilm) -HIGHLY ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANT -Nosocomial Infxns -Dx: Gram stain (gram + cocci,culture, BACTERIA |
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| Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
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| -Catalase + -Coagulase negative -facultative Anaerobe UTIs in sexually active women -Rx: penicillin -Dx: gram stain, culture (gamma-hemolytic) BACTERIA |
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| Streptococcus mutans |
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| Dental infections: binds to teeth and ferment sugar, which produces acid and dental caries |
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| Streptococcus pneumoniae |
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| -Catalase negative -Facultative anaerobe -Alpha-hemolytic -capsule -pneumolysins -Pathology -pneumonia -meningitis -sepsis -otitis media (in children) |
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| Streptococcus pyogenes |
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| -Catalase negative -microaerophilic -beta-hemolytic -M-protein, lipoteichoic acid, hyaluronidase, DNAase, Streptokinase -erythrogenic or pyrogenic toxin, toxic shock syndrome toxin -Pathology -Direct invasion/toxin: pharyngitiis, skin infxn, scarlet fever, TSS -Antibody mediated: Rheumatic fever, Acute post-strep glomerulonephritis Dx: gram stain, Culture, BACTERIA |
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| Strep Viridians Group |
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| -Catalase negative -Facultative anaerobe -alpha-hemolytic -extracellular destran, -PATHO -subacute bacterial endocarditis, Dental Caries, Brain or liver absessses Dx: Gram stian, cutlrue, resistant to optochin -part of normal oral flora and GI tract BACTERIA |
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| Treponema pallidum sp pallidum |
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| -Humans only -Sexually transmitted -MOTILE -microaerophilic SYPHILIS 1.painless chancre (skin ulcer) 2.rash on palms and soles, condyloma latum (painless, wartlike lesions), CNS, eyes, bones, and kidneys and/or joints involved. 3. latent stages: 25% may relapse back to 2ndary stage 4. Tertiary stage:(33%) -gummas of skin and bone -cardio syphilis -neurosyphilis 5. congenital syphilis: contracted in-utero |
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| Vibrio Cholerae |
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| -curved gram negative rod with flagellum -diarrheal disease -CHOLERA sever diarrhea with rice water stools death by dehydration -Fecal oral transmision -oxidase positve -motile -mucinase -fimbriae -toxins: choleragen |
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| Vibrio parahaemolyticus |
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| -Reservoir: Fish -Transmission: consumption of raw fish -Halophilic (likes salt) -motile -capsule -hemolyitc cytotoxin BACTERIA |
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| Yersinia enterocolittica |
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| -Zoonotic: pigs/ wild and domestic animals -facultative anearobe -motile -enterotoxin -Transmission: ingestion of contaminated food or water, Unpasteurized milk -TermperaturE sensitive -Enterotoxin -CLINICAL: acute entercolitis -can survive refrigeration BACTERIA |
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| Yersinia pestis |
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| -RESERVOIR:wild rodents, city rats, squirrels and prairie dogs -TRANSMISSION: flea bite, contact with infected animal, inhaled aerosolized organism, human-human contact -facultative anaerobe -temp. sensitive -plasmid mediated -Toxin: pesticin, intracellular murine toxin (lethal to mice) CLINICAL: -BUBONIC PLAGUE -Sepsis -Pneumonic plague rx: killed vaccine dx: gram stain, blood culture, culture, serology, BLACK DEATH BACTERIA |
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| Aspergillus sp |
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| -ASTHMA -TRANSMISSION: inhalation of spores -found everywhere -Branching septated hyphae FUNGUS |
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| Candida albicans |
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| -NF of skin, mouth, and GI tract -CLINICAL: -oral thrush CUTANEOUS OR SYSTEMIC FUNGUS -cutaneious (diaper rash, rash in skin folds of obese individuals |
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| Coccidioides immittis |
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| -Reservoir: desert areas of SW US and N. Mexico -TRANSMISSION: respiratory -Dimorphic -CLINICAL -coccidiodomycosis:asymptomatic, pneumonia, disseminated -Dx: biopsy, serology, skin test -common opportunistic infxn in AIDS -SYSTEMIC |
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| Cryptococcus neoformans |
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| -RESERVOIR: pigeon droppings -TRANSMISSION: respiratory -polysaccharide capsule -CLINICAL -crrytpococcosis: subacute or chronic meningitis, pneumonia, skin lesions (looks like acne) -Dx: India-Ink stain or CSF, fungal culture -most cases occur in immunocompromised persons -SYSTEMIC FUNGUS |
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| Histoplasma capsulatum |
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| -RERSERVOIR: Mississippi Valley, Bird and Bat droppings, -TRANSMISSION: Respiratory -Dimorphic -CLINICAL: -HISTOPLAMOSIS: Asymptomatic, pneumonia (lesions), Disseminated -Dx: Lung biopsy, serology, skin test -can survive intracellularly w/in macrophages -SYSTEMIC FUNGUS |
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| Pneumocystis jiroveci |
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| -flying saucer -attacks the lungs at an early age -85% of children have ahd a mild or asymptomatic respiratory illness by age 4 -in immunocompromised patients (AIDS, cancer or organ transplant): can multuply in the lungs and cause severe intersitial pneumonia, PNEUMOCYSTIC CARINII PNEUMONE (PCP) |
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| Trichophyton sp |
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| -RESERVOIR: soil, animals, humans -CLINICAL: -Dermatophytosis 1.Tinea corporis=ringworm 2.Tinea cruris=jock itch 3.Tinea pedis=athlete's foot 4.Tinea capitis=scalp 5.Tinea unguium=nail -Dx: wood's light CUTANEOUS FUNGUS |
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| Entamoeba hystolytica |
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| -TRANSMISSION:fecal-oral -Morphology: AMOEBA -bulls eye shaped nucleus -CLINICAL: -Asymptomatic carriage, Bloody diarrhea, Liver abscess -Dx: Fecal exam, serology, -90% of ppl are ASYMPTOMATIC PROTOZOA |
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| Giardia lamblia |
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| -TRANSMISSION: fecal-oral -Flagellated trophozoite -CLINICAL: -Foul smelling, greasy diarrhea PROTOZOA |
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| Leishmania sp |
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| -TRANSMISSION: sandfly bite, contaminated blood transfusion, zoonotic (dogs, rodents, and foxes) -CLINICAL FINDINGS: -Cutaneous-single ulcer; heals in a year, leaving a scar -Diffuse cutaneous: nodules (don't ulcerate) Can last 20 years PROTOZOA |
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| Plasmodium sp |
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| -TRANSMISSION: Female anopheles mosquito -MORPHOLOGY: -LIFE CYCLE -HYPNOZOITE: dormant form that hangs out in liver P. vivax. Povale -CLINICAL FINDINGS: -MALARIA:P.FALCIPARUM (most common and deadly); irregular epsidoes, -many black ppl are resistant to certain species of malaria -RBCs that lack cell membrane Ag Duffy a and b provides resistance to infxn by P. vivax, Sickle cell anemia trait provides resistance to infxn by P. falciparum PROTOZOA |
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| Toxoplasma gondii |
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| -TRANSMISSION: ingestion of ooxysts in raw pork, inhalation of oocysts from cat feces, congenital -Morphology: oocysts is infxous -Dx= serology, radiology, examination -obligate intracellular parasite PROTOZOA |
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| Trypanosoma cruzi |
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| -TRANSMISSION:Kissing Bug(rreduviid bug) defecates on human skin while feeding. Trypomastigotes tunnel into the skin, contaminated blood transfusion -CLINICAL FINDINGS: -CHAGAS' DISEASE: 1.Chagoma: hardened red area at site of parasite entry 2.Acute Chaga's disease 3.intermediate phase; No symptoms 4.Chronic Chagas': cardiomyopathy, megadisease: large dilated poolrly fnxing hollow organs PROTOZOA |
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| Enterobius spp |
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| -PINWORM -TRANSMISSION: Ingest eggs -Clinical findings: butt itch -Dx: Scotch-tape test WORMS |
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| Schistosoma sp |
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| -BLOOD FLUKES -2nd to malaria in tropic sickness -Found in freshwater -penetrate through exposed skin and invade the venous system, where they mate and lay eggs -practice MOLECULAR MIMICRY -CERCARIAE: mature schistosomal larvae WORMS |
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| Strongyloides spp |
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| -TRANSMISSION:lavae penetrate through skin, autoinfectoin -Dx: no eggs, Enterotest (swallow long nylon string and later pull out- may show larvae), sputum exam, serum assay -can undergo complete reproduction cycle in the soil WORMS |
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| Taenia solium |
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| -PORK TAPEWORM -TRANSMISSION:Ingest undercooked pork containing larvae stage, ingestion of eggs (results in cysticercosis) -MORPHOLOGY: -CESTODES -CLINICAL FINDINGS: -Blindness, neurologic manifestaions: seizures WORMS |
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| Trichinella spp |
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| -TRANSMISSION:ingestion of encysted larvae, often found in raw pork -cysts in skeletal muscles -dx: serology, muscle biopsy, blood, eosinophilla -PREVENTION: always cook pork products well. WORMS |
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| Trichuris trichiura |
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| -WHIPWORM -TRANSMISSION: Ingest eggs -MORPHOLOGY: Egg looks like a football, -eggs must incubate in moist soil for 3 to 6 weeks before they become infective. WORMS |
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| Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) |
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| -Double stranded linear DNA -Enveloped -Icosohedral symmetry -TRANSMISSION: intimate contact from asymptomatic shedders of EBV, infects human B-cells & transforms them -CLINICAL PREVENTION: -Infectious Mononucleosis ~fever, sore throat, severe lethargy, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen -Associated with Burkitt's B-cell lymphoma -Rx: supportive -Dx: serology |
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| Hepatitis Viruses |
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| -5 are RNA viruses -HBV is the only DNA virus -Acute Viral Hepatitis: sudden with mild to severe followed by complete resolution -Chronic Hepatitis: prolonged course of active disease or silent asymptomatic infxn. -blood-to-blood transmission HBV, HCV, and HDV can cause chronic hepatitis |
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| Herpesviridae Viruses |
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| -latent state -members in the sub-family alpha have a cytopathic effect on cells, which become multinucleated giant synctial cells with intanuclear inclusion bodies. -held at by by the CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNE RESPONSE |
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| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) |
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| -retrovirus -icosahedral symmetry -Capsid proteins constitute the shell -LTRs: -sticky ends: recognized by integrase, that are involved in insertion into the host DNA -promotor/enhancer function -gag (group antigen -Spread by sexual activity, blood prduct transfusion, IV drug use with needle sharing, transplacental viral spread from mother to fetus, NOT very likely of health care provider contracting HIV from needle prick, NOT spread by casual contact(kissing, sharing food, mosquito bites, or saliva, urine, tears or sweat -diminishes CD4 T-lymphocyte (helper) cell numbers and function, which are involved in all immune responses |
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| Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) |
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| -Warts and cervical cancer -WARTS: most will resolve spontaneously within 1-2 years , many do not develop warts -CERVICAL CANCER: -associated with sexual activity and previous exposure to certain strains (16&18) -Vaccine: effective against HPV 16y&18 and 6&11, 98% effective |
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| Herpes Simplex Virus 1 &2 |
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| -Double stranded linear DNA, enveloped, icosohedral symmetry -Sexually transmitted -travels up sensory nerve fibers to the sensory nerve fibers to produce skin lesions -Cold sores, reactivation, keratitis of the eye (most common cause of corneal blindness in the US), encephalitis (#1 cause of viral encephalitis in the US), Genital herpes, neonatal herpes: acquired during birth passage |
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| Influenza Viruses |
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| -3 types: A,B, and C. -Type A infects humans and other mammals and birds -antigenic drift (small changes) is the reason for epidemics (i.e. flu) -Antigenic shift-complete change of HA, NA, or both; reason for pandemics(influenza that killed millions of people. -Negative SS RNA, Helical symmetry, replicates in nucleus -HA and NA glycoproteins -CLINICAL -The FLU, Reyes Syndrome (in children who use aspirin RX:Vaccine (grown in eggs) |
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| Measles Virus |
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| -negative SS RNA, unsegmented, lipid containg envelope, helical symmetry, replicate in cytoplasm, F-protein -MEASLES: prodome, Koplik's spots (small red based blue-white lesions in the mouth), Rash, -Prevention: MMR (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella) Vaccine |
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| Rabies Virus |
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| -normally infects humans -can infect all war-blooded animals, with dogs, cats, skunks, coyotes, foxes, raccoons, and bats serving as reservoirs. -creatures become aggressivve -causes fatal encphalitis -Controlled by vaccination of dogs and cats -wash wound thoroughly with soap and water |
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| Respiratory Scyntial Virus (RSV) |
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| -Negative SS RNA, unsegmented, lipid containing envelope, helical symmetry, replicates in the cytoplasm, -F-protein -Glycoproteins with combined HA and NA -URT infxn in adults, bronchitis, pharyngitis, rhinitis -Viral pneumonia in children, elderly, and immunocompromised -CROUP: children develop a barking cough due to infxn of larynx -Bronchiolitis in children -Rx Supportive |
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| Rhinovirus |
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| -common cold |
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| Rotavirus |
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| -diarrhea -DS RNA, segmented, naked icosahedral symmetry, -fecal-oral transmission -VIRAL GESTROENTERITIES:causes profound dehydreation, major cause of infant death in underdeveloped countries and the most common cause of diharrea in infants less the 3 years of age |
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| SARS Virus |
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| -SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYNDROME -Outbreak in China -caused by novel coronovirus (CoV) -raccoon dogs, and civets -Transmission: direct or indirect contact of mucous membrane with incfectious droplets |
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| Smallpox Virus |
answer
| -POXviridae -complex coat, DS linear DNA, replicate in cytoplasm -Causes skin lesions and death. -HAS BEEN ERADICATED. -vaccine: avirulent pox virus was developed that induced immunity to virulent pox virus |
question
| Varicella-Zoster Virus |
answer
| -DS linear DNA -enveloped, icosohedral symmetry -TRANSMISSION: varicella highly contagious: aerosolized resp secretions, contact with ruptured vessicles -Zoster: reactivation from dorsal root ganglion VARICELLA (CHICKEN POX) -2 week incubation period, rash, fever, pneumonia or encephalitis, -Chicken pox vaccine, Zoster immune globulin |
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| West Nile Virus |
answer
| -transmitted via mosquito bites, blood transfusions, and organ tranplantation , trasplacentally to a fetus, through breast milk -most pts are asymptomatic |
