Test 1 Micro – Flashcards
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| bacteria |
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| single-cell prokaryotic organism. |
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| Microbiology |
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| the study of microorganisms. |
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| archaea |
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| prokaryotic cells that lack the polysaccharide. peptidoglycan in their cell walls. |
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| eukarya |
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| eukaryotic cells with a nucleus and organelles |
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| spontaneous generation |
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| a belief that living organisms came from non-living material |
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| Leeuwnhook |
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| "Father of Microbiology" first to view microorganisms. |
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| Hooke |
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| created a crude microscope and coined the term "cells" |
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| Semmelweis |
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| realized that doctors who went from performing autopsies to delivering babies, transmitted life-threatening diseases. important to hand-washing. |
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| Lister |
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| stated that sterilizing instruments helped prevent disease from spreading. |
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| Pasteur |
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| defeated spontaneous generation. also, pasteurization. |
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| Koch |
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| developed ways of studying bacteria in the lab with his four set program. |
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| Jenner |
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| created a vaccination against small pox using cowpox |
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| Fleming |
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| discovery of penicillin in 1920s from the mod penicillum. Began field of chemotherapy. |
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| mycology |
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| the study of fungi. |
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| bacteriology |
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| the study of bacteria and their diseases. |
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| Parasitology |
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| the study of parasites and the diseases they cause |
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| virology |
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| the study of viruses and how they are formed. |
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| emerging disease |
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| a disease that is not new, but is occurring more frequently. |
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| Koch's Postulates |
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| A. agent must be found in every case B. isolated in pure culture C. inocculation should produce the same disease in other animals D. Should be able to isolate organism again from diseased animals |
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| Resolution |
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| whether or not two objects can be distinguished as separate objects under the microscope |
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| Microscopy |
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| using electrons or light to magnify objects |
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| light microscopy |
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| can go up to 1000x by using light waves |
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| bright field |
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| light is transmitted directly through the specimen and around it |
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| dark field |
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| light is not transmitted through the specimen but rather is reflected at an angle. light specimen on dark background. |
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| phase contrast |
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| has ability to show tiny differences in how much light is bent when traveling through the specimen. used for organisms that cant be stained. |
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| electron microscopy |
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| uses beams of electrons rather than light rays. only way to view images less that 1um. shows fine details, but rather large. |
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| Scanning electron microscopy |
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| 3D images of surface. electron microscope. |
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| Transmission electron microscopy |
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| view inside of the cell. electron microscope. |
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| Staining |
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| using color dyes in light microscopy to make organisms easier to identify |
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| Steps in staining |
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| A. make a smear B. Heat fix C. add a dye and rinse |
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| simple stain |
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| one dye is used to color the bacteria |
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| negative stain |
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| repelled from bacteria. Background is stained. |
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| Differential stain |
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| uses more than one stain to differentiate bacteria or structures. Gram stain, Ziehl Nielsen stain. |
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| Ziehl Neelson acid-fast stain |
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| used for Mycobacterium tuberculosis retains the red stain because of a lipid in the cell wall |
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| Gram stain steps |
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| A. primary stain B. mordant C. decolorizer D. counterstain |
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| Coccus/Cocci |
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| a round bacteria shape. |
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| Bacillus/Bacilli |
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| rod-shaped bacteria |
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| Spirilla/Sprirochete |
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| wavy and corkscrew shaped bacteria |
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| Pleomorphic |
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| describes the ability for bacteria to change shape and size to adapt to a different environment. |
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| Strepto- |
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| a chain of bacteria |
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| Diplo- |
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| two bacteria's together. |
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| Staphylo- |
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| a cluster of bacteria |
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| Vibro |
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| a curved rod of bacteria. |
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| glycocalyx |
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| external to the cell wall. layer of polysaccharides and peptides that keep cells from drying out |
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| capsule |
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| dense gel bound tightly to the cell. anti-phagocytize bacteria. |
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| Slime layer |
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| usually thinner and not bound tightly. adherence, to bind cells together, traps nutrients |
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| flagella |
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| attached to cell wall and cell membrane |
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| monotrichous |
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| 1 flagella |
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| lophotrichous |
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| 2 or more flagella |
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| peritchous |
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| flagella all around the periphery |
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| amphitrichous |
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| 1 flagella at both ends |
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| Taxis |
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| a movement from the flagella that occurs in response to a stimulus. |
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| Pili |
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| hairlike extensions that are actually a type of fimbria. |
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| Fimbriae |
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| usually shorter hairlike extensions for attachment |
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| peptidoglycan |
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| made of alternating sugars (NAM and NAG) that are cross-linked through peptide bonds. |
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| gram positive bacteria |
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| up to 90% of cell wall is peptidoglycan network. |
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| Teichoic acid |
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| a glycerol-sugar compound. negative charges, anchor cell wall to cell membrane. |
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| Acid fast bacteria |
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| cell wall is 60% fat. will stain positive with gram reaction. |
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| gram negative bacteria |
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| only 20% peptidoglycan. outer membrane of fat the contains lipopolysaccharides (lipid A), that can act as endotoxins. |
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| periplasm |
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| space between inner membrane and outer fat membrane in gram negative bacteria. contains peptidoglycan and many enzymes. |
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| lipolysaccharide layer |
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| a phospholipid layer with sugar. plays an important role in endotoxic shock. |
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| nucleoid |
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| no nuclear membrane. one circular chromosome attached to the cell membrane. |
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| plasmids |
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| other smaller circles of DNA that often code for plasma membrane proteins |
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| inclusions |
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| not membrane bound in cytoplasm |
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| metachromatic granules |
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| inorganic phosphate reserve for ATP synthesis. |
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| endospores |
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| inside of bacterial cells. dehydrated portion with special chemicals make it resistant. |
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| sporulation |
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| formation of an endospore |
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| Germination stage |
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| when conditions are favorable for endospores, they break down their coat is this stage. |
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| ribosomes |
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| smaller than eukaryotic cells (70s) used to translate mRNA into proteins |
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| Cytoskeleton |
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| internal network of fibers contributing to the basic shape of eukaryotic and rod-shaped prokaryotic cells. |
