Pathogenicity Test 4 – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| For genetic capability were are three places there are genes? |
1. on chromosomes 2. on plasmids 3. on prophage |
| With genes on the plasmids what adds virluence genes to plasmids? |
| Transposons |
| What are transponsans? |
| What are some nutrient based factors? |
| What are some environmental factors? |
| What is infection? |
| Growth and multiplication of parasite on or within host |
| What is infection dependent upon? |
| Complementary contact |
| What is a pathogen? |
| Causes infectious disease |
| What are the two types of pathogen? |
1. Primary (frank) pathogen 2. opportunistic pathogen |
| What is pathogenicity? |
| The ability to cause disease |
| What is virulence? |
| Degree of intensity of pathogenicity |
| What are the three characteristics of the pathogen that determin virulence? |
1. Infectivity 2. Invasiveness 3. Pathogenic potential |
| What is infectivity? |
| The ability to establish point of infection |
| What is invasiveness? |
| The ability to spread |
| What is the pathogen potential? |
| The degree to which the pathogen can cause damage to the host. |
| What are the two types of pathogenic potential? |
1. Toxigenicity 2. Immunopathology |
| What is toxigenicity? |
| The abiltiy to produce toxins |
What are two toxins produced in toxigenicity?
|
1. Clostridium tetani 2. Corneybacteria diptheria |
| What is immunopathology? |
| The ability to trigger exaggerated immune responses |
| What would be an example of immunopathology? |
| Influenza |
| What are primary (frank) pathogens? |
| What is opporunistic pathogens? |
| What are the two ways to measure virulence? |
1. Leathal dose 50 (LD50) 2. Infectious dose 50 (ID 50) |
| What is Leathal dose (LD50)? |
| The number of pathogens (mivrobes) that will kill 50% of an experimental group of hosts. |
| What is an Infectious dose 50 (ID50)? |
| The number of pathogens that will infect 50 % of an experimental group of hosts |
| What are the two ways pathogens transfer in the environment? |
1. Direct contact 2. Indirect contact |
| What are 3 examples of direct contact? |
| coughing, sneezing, and body contact |
| What are five examples of indirect contact? |
1. soil 2. water 3. food 4. vectors 5. fomites |
| What are vectors? |
| Transmission by living organisms |
| What are fomites? |
| Transmission by inanimate objects |
| What are the three portals of entry? |
1. body surfaces 2. parenteral 3. vectors |
| Where is the body surface a portal of entry? |
| Cracks in skin, hair follicles, sweat glands, mucous membranes (major portal) |
| What are parenteral portals of entry? |
| Needle sticks, blood transfusions, and organ transplants |
| What is a vector for a portal of entry? |
| It is a organism that transmits pathogens from one host to another |
| Name three Adherence Factors? |
1. Capsule/Slime Layer 2. Adherence Proteins 3. Fimbriae (Pili) |
| What are two examples of the capsule/slime layer? |
1. Pathogenic E. coli attaches to brush border 2. Strep. mutans binds to tooth surface |
| What are adherence proteins? |
| They bind to specific cell surface protein |
| How is Strep. pyogene and example of adherence protein? |
| The M protein binds to epithelial cells. |
| What are two examples of Fimbriae (pilli) as adherence factors? |
1. They are used in Salmonella: epithelia intestinal cells 2. They are used in Pathogenic E. Coli: Epithelial cells in intestines |
| What are the two types of colonization and growth |
Availability of nutrients and Availability of trace elements
|
| What gives optimal growth conditions? |
| Availability of nutrients |
| An example of a growth factor that has rapid growth on the placta is the ______? |
| Brucella abortus (uses erythritol) |
| Fe is an example of what type of colonization and growth? |
| Availabiltity of trace elements |
| What are the two "ferrins" that scavage Fe. |
| Transferrin and lactoferrin |
| What does transferrin use to remove Fe from the transferrin? |
| Specific Siderophores |
What are the three types of infection of growth and multiplication of bacterial pathogen?
|
1. Localized 2. Systematic 3. Toxemia |
| Which infection begins as a local infection in the Kidneys, Lungs, and intestines. Also has septicemia. |
| Systematic |
| What is septicemia? |
| Presence of bacteria or their toxins in the blood |
| What type of infection has presence of toxins in the blood? |
| Toxemia |
| What is the ability of the pathogen to grow in host in vast numbers that inhibits host cell f(x)? |
| Invasiveness |
| An example of invasiveness would be _________ _________ which has a capsule that allows adherence and prevents phagocytosis. (overgrowth impairs cell f(x)) |
| Strep. pneumoniae |
| What is the ability to cause disease by means of preformed toxin that inhibits host cell f(x) or kills host cells. |
| Toxicity |
| What would be an example of Toxicity: ____________ ___________: has slow growth at wound site (toxin is the killer) |
| Clostridium tetani |
| What are two types of virulence factors? |
1. Enzymes that destroy host cell components or manipulate the immun response 2. Pathogencitiy Islands |
| What are the 6 enzymes that destroy host cell components or manipulate the immune response? |
1. Collagenase 2. Coagulase 3. Streptokinase 4. Lipases 5. Proteases 6. Nucleases
|
| What are Collagenase: |
destroys intercellular cement (Breakdown collagen that forms the framework of connective tissues; allows the pathogen to spread) |
| What are Coagulases? |
Generates fibrin clots (Coagulaes (clots) the fibrinogen in plasma. The clot protects the pathogen from phagocytosis and isolates it from other host defense.) |
| What is Streptokinase? |
Breaks down fibrin clots (A protein that binds to plasminogen and activates the production of plasmin, thus digesting fibrin clots, this allows the pathogen to move from the clotted area) |
| What are Lipases? |
Breakdown membranes
|
| What are proteases? |
| Break down antibodies |
| What are Nucleases? |
| DNase |
| What are large segments of DNA that carry a number of virulence genes. |
| Pathogenicity Islands |
| For the regulation of Bacterial virulence factors what can control the expression of virulence genes? |
| Environmental factors |
| What is the pathogen whose gene for diptheria toxin is regulated by iron? |
| Corynebacterium diptheriae |
| What is the pathogen that expression of virulence genes increases at elevated body temperatures (takes advantage of fever)? |
| Bordetella pertussis |
| What is the pathogen whose gene for cholera toxin is regulated by pH and temperature? |
| Vibrio cholerae |
| What is the definition of toxin? |
| A specific substance that damages a host |
| What are dieases that result from entry of a specific preformed toxin into a host. |
| Intoxications |
| What are two examples of Intoxications? |
1. Staph aureus enterotoxin 2. Aflatoxins from aspergillus in pet food |
| What is the condition caused by tozins in the blood of the host? |
| Toxemia |
| What are the toxins that interfere with protein syntesis? |
| AB toxin |
| What is an example of Ab toxin? |
| Corynebacterium diptheria |
| What are the toxins that target nerve tissues? |
| Neurotoxins |
| What are two examples of Neurotoxins? |
1. Botulinum toxin 2. Tetani toxin |
| What is the toxin that blocks the release of acetylcholine? |
| Botulinum toxin |
| What is the toxin that binds inhibitory interneruons? |
| Tetani toxin |
| What are the toxins that target the intestinal mucosa? |
| Enterotoxins |
| What is an example is enterotoxin? |
| E. coli O157.H7 |
| What are the toxins who target gerneal tissues? |
| Cytotoxins |
| What are the two examples of the cytotoxins that are hemolysins? |
1. Staph. aureus 2. Strep. Pyogenes called streptolysin O |
| The endotoxin, LPS. are usually capable of producing what general systematic effects? |
1. Fever 2. Shock 3. Blood coagulation 4. Weakness 5. Diarrhea 6. Inflammation 7. Intestinal hemorrhage 8. Fibrinolysis |
| What are the two factors of the endotoxin LPS? |
1. Massive release of chemokinese 2. Massive non-specific B cell response |
