Micro Atchley Block 11 – Flashcards
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| why is a mother more at risk when pregnant (2) |
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| immunity is down regulated certian infections worsen or re-activate |
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| what is evidence of immunity down regulation in pregnancy |
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| RA improvement |
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| what are 6 common infections in pregnant women |
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| candididasis, UTI, influenza, malaria, listeriosis, conccidioldomycosis |
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| why are babies more susceptiable to infection |
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| fetus has poor immune defenses (little IgM, slow CMI, delayed IgM/IgA response) |
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| when is a baby most susceptible to congenital problems |
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| first trimester |
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| what are antenatal infections |
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| transplacental introduction TORCH, listeriosis |
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| what are the intrapartum infections |
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| passage through birth canal STIs |
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| what musch a pregnant women be vaccinated for (3) |
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| infleunza, rubella sypilis is easy screened and treated with penicillin so find and fix it asap |
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| why are touch titers bad |
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| useless expensive false impression (do not cover most of the microbes) |
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| what are the three catagories of congenital infection bugs |
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| DNA viruses (mostly dsDNA) +RNA viruses bacteria/protozoa |
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| what are the 4 congenital DNA viruses |
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| herpes virus hep B virus parvovirus D19 (5th's disease) (ssDNA) papillomairidae (HPV) |
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| what are the 4 herpes viruses |
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| cytomegalovirus (CMV) herpes simplex virus (HSV) varicella zoster (VZV) epstine barr virus (EBV/mono) |
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| what are the 5 congenital +RNA viruses |
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| togavirus: rubella (german measles) orthomyxocirus: influenza EEE VEE WEE |
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| what are the 5 congenital bacteria |
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| GBS listeria coccidioidomycosis syphilis toxoplasmosis |
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| what are 7 early signs of a congenital infection |
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| intruterine growth retardation (not in toxoplasmosis) hepatitis hepatosplenomeagly thrombocytopenia anemia unusual rash (blueberry muffin) infection signs |
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| what are 5 later in life signs of a congenital infection |
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| hearing impairment eye problems mental retardation autism death |
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| coccidioidomycosis immitis: disease name, type of bug, location |
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| valley fever dimorphic fungi SW desert |
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| coccidiodomycosis immitis: signs of infection(3) |
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| mild respiratory illness normally systemic in pregnacy increasing in dissemination with trimester open gumma like lesions |
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| listeria monocytogenes: type of bug, transmission |
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| gram positive rod undercooked deli or hot dogs, raw milk |
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| listeriosis signs (3) |
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| miscarriage, premature labor, stillbirth |
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| GBS: type of bug, transmission |
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| gram positive cocci vaginal flora (birth canal) |
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| GBS: signs of infection (3) |
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| neonatal pneumonia, meningitis, sepsis |
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| toxoplasmosis: type of bug |
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| protozoa |
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| toxoplasmosis: transmission (3), level of risk |
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| inhalation of cyst in cat litter: low risk for indoor cat, takes 24 hours for cyst to be infectious raw meat (pork), garden products |
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| signs of toxoplasmosis in baby (7) |
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| 70-90% asymptomatic chorioretinitis hydrocephalys intracranial calcifications hepatosplenomeagly jaundice thrombocytopenia |
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| treponema pallidum: disease name, type of bug, transmission (2) |
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| syphilis spirochete sex and in utero |
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| what are the 4 categories of syphilis symptoms in baby |
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| 60% asymptomatic fetal effects early effects late effects |
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| what are the fetal effects of syphilis in baby(3) |
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| stillbirth, neonatal death, hydrops fetalis |
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| what are the early effects of syphilis in baby (5) |
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| maculopapular rash on palms and soles jaundice anemia thrombocytopenia snuffles |
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| what are snuffles, what disease are they seen in |
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| syphilis syphilitic rhinitis and sores causing scaring around the mouth |
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| what are the late effects of syphilis in baby (5) |
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| hutchinsons triad frontal al bossing: prominent forehead saddle nose: cartiladge degeneration, collapsed nose mulberry molars sabre shins |
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| what is the hutchinson's triad, what disease is it in |
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| syphilis deafness, hutchinson's teeth, interstitial keratitis(corneal scaring) |
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| congenital rubella syndrome: transmission, timing of infection |
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| inhaled respiratory droplets high risk of malformation in first 16 weeks of pregnancy |
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| signs of rubella in baby (14) |
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| hearing loss bone disease patent ductus arteriosus* pulmonary stenosis* intellectual dissability intrauterine growth retardation stillbirth spontaneous abortion cataracts******** microcephaly blueberry muffin lesions******** meningocephalitis thrombocytopenia hepatosplenomeagly |
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| what does a blueberry muffin lesion look like, what disease is it in, what is the cause |
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| rubella papular at first then flat in a few hours due to extramedullary hematopoesis |
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| what is the treatment for rubella |
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| none, vaccinate before pregnancy (live virus cannot do it during) |
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| how is CMV acquired in baby |
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| 40% due to primary infection in mom <1% due to secondary infection in mom |
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| signs of CMV in mom (3) |
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| mono like mild self limiting |
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| signs of CMV in baby (13) |
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| 90% asymptomatic unilateral sensorineural hearing loss vision impairment small for gestational age developmental delay hepatosplenomeagly petechiae jaundice chorioretinitis microcephaly periventricular calcifications ventriculomeagly neurological deficits |
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| HSV transmission to baby |
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| infected birth canal if mom has active lesions (avoid via c section) |
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| what can increase the transmission of HSV to baby |
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| mom having a HSV primary infection |
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| signs of HSV in baby (6) |
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| mostly asymptomatic at birth mucocutaneous vesicles of scaring CSF pleocytosis conjunctivits/keratoconjunctivitis thrombocytopenia elevated liver enzymes |
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| [image] |
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| blueberry muffin rash rubella |
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| [image] |
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| CMV |
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| [image] |
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| coccidiodomycosis immitis |
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| [image] |
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| GBS |
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| [image] |
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| hsv mucocutaneous vesicles |
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| [image] |
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| HSV |
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| [image] |
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| hutchinsons teeth syphilis |
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| [image] |
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| listeria monocytogenes |
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| [image] |
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| maculopapular rash syphilis |
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| [image] |
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| mulberry molars syphilis |
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| [image] |
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| periventricular calcifications and ventriculomeagly - CMV |
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| [image] |
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| rubella |
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| [image] |
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| snuffles syphilis |
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| [image] |
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| ayphilis |
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| [image] |
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| toxoplasmosis corioretinitis |
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| [image] |
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| toxoplasmosis hydrocephalus |
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| [image] |
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| toxoplasmosis intracranial calcifications |
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| [image] |
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| toxoplasmosis |
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| why does rubella vaccination need to be given before pregnancy |
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| it is live attenuated vaccine may hurt baby |
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| why dont we vaccinate for flu in pregnancy |
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| we do! trick question. just use a killed vaccine. |
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| rubella is transmitted by respiratory droplets, what are the other togaviruses transmitted by |
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| mosquito (arboviruses) |
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| what are the two warnings an eye problem is an eye emergency |
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| extreme pain loss of vision |
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| what are 12 symptoms that with combined with red eye make it a vision emergency |
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| extreme pain loss of vision corneal perforation or opacity corneal ulcer corneal edema photophobic fixed pupil headache nausea ciliary flush severe foreign body sensation |
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| define conjunctivitis |
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| inflammation of conjunctiva and periorbital mucous membrane |
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| wwhat are 4 general signs of conjunctivitis |
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| red eye puritis foreign body sensation discharge - sticky, crusty, purulent |
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| what are 5 non-infectious causes of conjunctivitis |
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| allergen irritant trauma autoimmune neoplastic |
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| what 5 viruses cause conjunctivitis |
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| adenovirus hsv vzv enterovirus coxackie virus |
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| what are 4 signs of adenovirus conjunctivitis |
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| follicle swelling watery mucoud dischaege conjunctival inflammation associated with URI (pharyngitis, fever, malaise) |
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| what is follicle swelling, when is it seen |
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| avascular lymphoidal semi-transluecent nodules on conjunctiva caused by viruses and chlamydia |
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| what are 5 signs of HSV conjunctivitis |
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| vurning sensation palpable pre-auricular node mucoid drainage photophobia vesseicls on eyelid or margin |
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| what is a complication of HSV conjunctivitis |
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| HSV keratitis: dendritic ulcer corneal lesions in trigeminal distribution |
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| what is a complication of VZV conjunctivitis |
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| can transition to keratoconjunctivitis treat agressivly, harmful to eye |
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| what is a sign of enterovirus or cosackie virus conjunctivits |
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| hemorrhagic |
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| what are the 7 bacterial causes of conjunctivitis |
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| rubella strep pneumo staph aureus influenza moraxella cararrhalis chalmydia trachomatis neisseria gonorrhea |
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| how do you get rubella conjunctivitis |
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| infection of conjunctiva through the blood |
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| what is more common; bacterial, viral, or non-infectious conjunctivitis |
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| bacteria > viral > non-infectious |
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| how can strep, staph, or influenza conjunctivitis be identified |
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| stye sticky eye in neonates |
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| what are two signs of bacterial conjunctivitis |
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| papillae swelling mucopurlent discharge: thick, globular, crusty note: no itching (puritis), photophobia, decreased vision |
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| what is papillae swelling, what causes it |
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| fibrovascular papilla caused by bacteria or irritation |
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| general characteristics of chalmydia: where does it live, about the cell |
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| obligate intracellular infects mucosal epithelium (urethra, eye, lung) atypical - no cell wall |
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| what are the three types of chalmydias |
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| chlamydia trachomatis chlamydophlia pneumpnia chlamydophlia psittaci |
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| what are the thee groups of serotypes of chlamydia trachomatis and the general infections they caise |
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| A, B, C: trachoma in newborns and elderly D-K: pneumonia in neonates, urethritis, conjunctivitis L1-L3L: lymphogranuloma venerium (STIs) |
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| what is the chlamydophlia serotype, what does it cause |
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| A: respiratory infection |
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| what is the number one cause of blindness in the world, how is it acquired |
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| chlamydia trachomatis birth canal, poor hygiene |
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| how does chlamydia trachomatis cause blindness |
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| inflammation from infection causes mononuclear infiltration that makes scar tissue that scares cornea when eyelashes pull back and slide across it |
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| explain the life cycle of chalydmia |
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| infectious, invisible, elementary bodies penetrate epithelial cell transforms into initial/reticular body that is visible but not infectious vegetative RB form infectious elementary bodies which are released to infect again |
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| what are the three main signs of gonococcal conjunctivitis |
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| severe sight threatning fulminant hyperacute course may have genitourinary symptoms fountain of puss sign |
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| what are 5 possible systemic complications of gonococcal conjunctivitis |
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| skin lesions, endocarditis, arthritis, GU damage, opothalmia neonatorum |
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| how is gonococcal conjunctivitis diagnosed |
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| gram stain: intracellular gram negative diplococci history and course of disease |
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| what are the three major complications of gonococcal conjunctivitis |
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| corneal rupture and perforation ulcerative keratitis vision loss within 24 hours |
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| define keratitis |
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| superificial or deep inflammation of the cornea |
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| what are 8 general signs of keratitis |
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| red eye painful eye corneal ulcer corneal edema foreign body sensation tearing photophobia vision changes |
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| what are 6 risk factors / non-infectious causes of keratitis |
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| contact lens irritation antigen response to local or systemic infection corneal surgery corneal trauma corneal abnormalities tear deficiencies |
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| what are 4 viral causes of keratitis |
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| hsv vzv ebv cmv |
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| how does HSV appear in conjunctivitis, how is it diagnosed |
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| follicular conjunctivitis periorbital vesicles corneal ulcer with flyorescin uptake and dendritic pattern |
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| what are 3 signs of VZV opthalmicus (keratitis) |
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| pseudo-dendeitic corneal ulcer epithelial signs in trigeminal distribution concurrent iritis |
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| what are the 2 bacterial causes of keratitis |
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| staph aureus pseudomonas aeruginosa |
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| how is staph aureus keratitis identified |
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| gram positive cocci in clusters coaglusae positive catalase negative |
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| how is pseudomonas aeruginosa keratitis acquired, what other disease does it cause |
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| contact lens or lesn solution hospital acquired pneumonia |
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| what are 4 non bacterial or viral microbes that cause keratitis |
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| aspergillus acanthameoba onchocerciasis loa loa |
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| how does aspergillus keratitis appear |
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| feathery edged elevated lesion that looks like a cloud coming from the cornea |
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| how does acanthameeoba conjunctivitis appear |
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| cloudy cornea |
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| what causes african river blindness |
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| onchocera volvus (filarial worm) transmitted by black fly releases Wolbachia symbiant into people |
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| what is the african eye worm, how is it spread, where is it in the body |
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| Loa loa spreads from deer fly and moves from subcutaneous tissue to conjunctiva |
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| what are two signs of loa loa |
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| calabar swelling: eye swelling filaria seen in eye |
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| flaviviruses: genome type, enveloped? |
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| +RNA enveloped |
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| 5 flaviviruses |
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| yellow fever dengue west nile japanese encephalitis hepatitis C |
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| how many strains of dengue are there |
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| 4 |
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| what is the primary dengue infection called, what are three symptoms |
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| break bone fever high fever prostration muscle and bone pain |
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| what is the secondary dengue infection called, what are 5 symptoms |
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| dengue hemorrhagic fever high fever rash from skin hemorrhage severe vomiting shock death |
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| how do you get breakbone fever |
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| ades mosquito injects virus of any strain |
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| how do you get dengue hemorrhagic fever |
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| re-infection with a different strain |
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| what is the treatment for dengue |
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| none, supportive no vaccine |
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| what are the two hepatocyte damage indicators, where are they located |
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| alanine transaminase (ALT): liver aspartate transaminase (AST): liver, heart, muscle |
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| what are the two ductal/canicular damage indicators, when are they high |
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| alkaline phosphatase (ALP): in kids because it is located in liver and bone and they are growtin gamma glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT): in chronic alcoholics |
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| why does bilirubin indicate liver function |
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| RBC degrdation product that should be cleated by the liver increases with time of damage |
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| why do clotting factors indicate liver function |
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| in damage they will make less and prothrombin/clotting time will increase |
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| define hepatitis |
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| liver inflammation |
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| how does hepatitis damage the liver |
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| body kills cells with hepatitis in them causing release of hepatic damage markers as the liver is more damaged the canliculi swells and becomes damaged increasing ductal damage markers |
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| why do kids get less liver damage in hepatitis |
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| because they body kills the liver cells and they don't have as good of an immune system |
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| explain the damage process of a bile duct block |
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| blockage prevents bilirubin excretion and damages canicular cells releasing ductal damage markers later hepatocytes incur damage and release hepatocyte damage markers |
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| what type of virus is hepatitis A and A, what is their genome like |
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| A: picornovirus E: hepevirus RNA |
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| how is hep A transmitted |
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| fecal oral, peple |
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| how is hep E transmitted |
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| fecal oral, floods, pigs, boars, people |
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| what are the symptoms of hep A or E in kids |
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| asymptomatic or mild |
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| what are the symptoms of hep A or E in adults |
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| flu like, could have jaundice or icterus |
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| what are complications of hep A or E |
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| none. no chronic carriers, self limiting |
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| how is hep A detected (antbody timing) |
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| viral window 0-1mo anti-HAV IgM: 1-4.5mo anti-HAV IgG: >1mo+ |
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| what is the treatment for hep A |
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| none, get vaccine |
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| hep B virus type and genome |
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| hepadenavirus DNA |
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| hep D virus type and genome |
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| defective RNA containing virus like particle |
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| hep B and D transmission |
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| mucous, body fluids, blood, congenital, percutaneous |
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| what are the 3 hepatitis B antigens, which are protective |
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| HBcoreAg - not HBsurfaceAg - protective HBeAg - virulent |
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| who has HBcAg antibodies |
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| anyone who has been infected |
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| who has HBsAg antibodies |
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| everyone infected or vaccinated that cleared the infection |
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| who has HBeAg antibodies |
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| everyone who was infected but is not not contagious |
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| what are the general or initial symptoms of hep B |
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| flu like with jaundice and icterus |
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| what are the complications of heb B and the chances of getting them |
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| 20% chronic carrier (90% of infants) 20% chirrhosis 20% hepatocarcinoma |
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| what antigens and antibodies does someone with acute hep b have |
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| HBsAg HBaAg anti-HBcAg IgM |
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| what antigens and antibodies does someone with chronic infective Heb B have |
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| HBsAg HBeAg anti-HBcAg IgG |
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| what antigoes and antibodies does someone with chronic non-infective heb B have |
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| HBsAg anti-HBeAg anti-HBcAg IgG |
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| what antigens and antibodies does someone recovering from hep B have |
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| anti-HBsAg anti-HBeAg anti-HBcAg IgG |
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| what antigens and antibodies does someone immunized for hep B have |
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| anti-HBsAg |
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| hep C genome and virus type |
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| flavivirus RNA |
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| hep C transmission |
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| percutaneous blood and needle stick mucosal sex - low risk congenital - low risk |
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| what are the symptoms and complicationgs of hep C |
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| 90% asymptomatic chronic carriers complications: chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis |
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| what are the conditions for uncomplicated diarrhea (5) |
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| abdominal bloating and cramos thin, loose, or watery stool BM urgency nausea vomiting |
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| what are the conditions for complicated diarrhea (4) |
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| blood mucous weight loss fever |
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| what are the 4 viruses that cause diarrhea |
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| rotavirus norovirus enterovirus |
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| what is the #1 cause of diarrhea |
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| viruses |
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| what is the #1 cause of diarrhea in kids |
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| rotavirus |
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| what is the #1 cause of diarrhea in the USA |
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| norovirus |
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| what causes the typical 24 hour diarrhea |
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| enterovirus- coxackie |
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| rotavirus: nevelope?, shape, genome |
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| non enveloped icosahederal dsRNA |
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| norovirus: virus type, shape, genoma |
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| cliciviridae icosahederal ssRNA |
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| enteroviruses: virus type, shape, genome |
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| picornaviridae icosahederal +ssRNA |
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| what signs define enteroviruses |
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| non-GI symptoms too: myocarditis, meningitis, diabetes |
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| what is the transmission or norovirus |
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| foodborne, in clusters |
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| what is the typical incubuation and duration for viral gastroenteritis |
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| infubation 1-2 days duration 1-10 days |
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| define viral gastroenteritis |
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| inflammation of stomach and intestines |
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| what are 5 symptoms of viral gastroenteritis |
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| diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, fever, cramps |
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| what does increased bilirubin indicate |
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| increased liver damage decreased liver function increased lots in blockage of duct |
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| what is the #1 cause of liver cancer and transplant in the USA |
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| hepatitis C |
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| what defines acute diarrhea |
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| <2 weeks |
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| what defines chronic diarrhea |
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| >2 weeks (not bacterial) |
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| what defines mild diarrhea |
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| <3 stools a day |
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| what defines moderate diarrhea |
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| 4+ stools a day |
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| what defines severe diarrhea |
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| 4+ stools a day with fever or dehydration |
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| define intoxication |
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| ingestion of substance with bacterial toxin or protein |
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| define infection |
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| bacterial growth after ingestion of live bacteria |
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| define enteric fever |
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| sepsis originating in the SI |
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| how can you identify an enterotoxin |
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| causes watery diarrhea by affecting mucosal secretion (non-inflammatory) |
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| how can you identify a cytotoxin |
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| destories mucosal cells causing inflammatory diarrhea |
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| how can you identify a neurotoxin |
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| acts directly on the CNS or PNS |
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| how does shiga toxin work |
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| destories intestinal cells and vili decreasing absorption releasing many fecal leukocytes |
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| what are the two subunits of cholera toxin, what do they do |
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| A subunit: catalyzes ribosylation of GTP binding protein causing adenylate cyclase activation increasing cAMP causes electrolyte and water loss B subunit: binds ganglioside GM! receptors |
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| what type of toxin in shiga toxin |
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| cytotoxin |
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| what type of toxin is cholera toxin |
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| enterotoxin |
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| what type of toxin is SEB |
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| enterotoxin and neurotoxin |
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| why is SEB such a concern |
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| it is resistant to HCl, proteases, and mild boiling |
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| how does SEB work |
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| superantigen: bridges MCH-11 and T cell activating cytokines IL2 and TNF-B release from intestinal lamina propria of T cells |
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| what are the clinical effects of SEB (4) |
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| nausea vomiting anorexia diarrhea |
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| what is the number 1-4 cause of diarrhea |
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| 1. viruses 2. bacterial related toxin (SEB) 3. camplobacter 4. salmonella |
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| what is the number 1-2 cause of bacterial infection causing diarrhea |
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| 1. camplobacter 2. salmonella |
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| what is the number 1 cause of bacterial toxin (bacterial related) causing diarrhea |
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| SEB |
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| what are seven bacteria that cause diarrhea and their stain types |
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| staph aureus - gram positive cocci salmonella - gram negative rod salmonella typhi - gram negative rod camplobacteri jejuni - ?shigella - gram negative rod vibro cholera - gram negative rod and flagella EHEC/STEC/VTEC - gram negative lactose fermenting rod |
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| which bacteria cause diarrhea within 24 hours always |
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| staph aureus |
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| which bacteria causes diarrhea within 48 hous always |
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| staph aureus salmonella shigella |
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| which bacteria cause diarrhea within a week of ingesting always |
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| staph aureus salmonella shigella camplobacter jejuni vibro cholera EHEC/VTEC/STEC |
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| whith which microbes is it possible that they could cause diarrhea more than a week after ingesting |
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| salmonella typhi |
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| how long does staph aureus diarrhea last |
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| 1-2d |
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| how long does salmonella diarrhea last |
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| 3-7d |
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| how long does salmonella typhi diarrhea last |
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| 4-8w |
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| how long does camplobacter diarrhea last |
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| 2-10d |
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| how long does shigella diarrhea last |
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| variable |
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| how long does EHEC diarrhea last |
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| 7d |
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| how is staph aureus transmitted |
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| meat dairy egg |
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| how is salmonella transmitted |
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| poultry milk cheese |
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| how is salmonella typhi transmistted |
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| person to person |
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| how is camplobacter jejuni transmitted |
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| poultry milk water |
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| how is shigella transmitted |
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| people food water |
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| how is vibro cholera transmitted |
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| salt water (shell fish) food water |
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| what bacteria have a cytotoxin |
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| EHEC and chigella |
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| what bacteria have an anterotoxin |
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| vibro cholera staph aureus |
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| what bacteria have a neurotoxin |
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| staph aureus |
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| what is the pathogenesis of staph aeurus |
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| SEB entero/neurotoxin |
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| what is the pathogenesis of salmonella |
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| invade M cells, travel to peyers patches |
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| what is the pathogenesis of salmonella typhi |
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| invade M cells, travels to peyers patches, spread to marrow, liver, and spleen on macrophages |
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| what is the pathogenesis of shigella |
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| HIGHLY PATHOGENIC shiga toxin invades mucosa and SI and destories tissue RARLEY PENETRATES |
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| what is the pathogenesis of vibro choler |
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| cholera toxin pathogenicity islands (VPI) bacteriiophage (CTXO) |
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| what is the pathogenesis of EheC |
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| shiga toxin causes inflammation and necrosis |
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| staph aureus: does it have vomiting and fever, what kind of diarrhea |
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| WATERY diarrhea vomitng maybe fever |
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| salmonella: does it have vomiting, diarrhea, fever |
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| diarrhea no vomit maybe fever |
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| salmonella typhi: does it have vomiting, diarrhea, fever |
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| maybe fever no vomit yes diarrhea |
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| camplobacter: does it have vomiting, diarrhea, fever |
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| diarrhea maybe vomiting fever |
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| shigella does it have vomiting, diarrhea, fever, what kind of diarrhea |
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| diarrhea: first watery then BLOODY maybe vomiting yes fever |
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| vibro cholera: does it have vomiting, diarrhea, what kind of diarrhea |
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| diarrhea: LOTS of rice water stool yes vomiting |
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| other than vomit, diarrhea, fever: what symptoms does EHEC have |
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| hemolytic uremic syndrome in kids hemorrhagic colitis |
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| what three symptoms cause hemolytic uremic syndrome |
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| anemia, thrombocytopenia, acute renal failure |
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| other than vomit, diarrhea, fever: what symptoms does vibro cholera have |
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| cramps dehydration |
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| other than vomit, diarrhea, fever: what symptoms does shigella have |
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| abdominal pain urgency hemolytic uremic syndrome dejudration |
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| other than vomit, diarrhea, fever: what symptoms does salmonella typhi have |
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| typhoid fever hepatsplenomeagly rose spots osteomyelitis in hiB |
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| what is the #1 cause of osteomyelitis in HIV, why |
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| salmonella typhi because sickle cells infarct gut allowing salmonella into bone |
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| what labs can identify salmonella typhi |
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| leukopenia |
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| what labs can identify shigella |
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| leukocytosis neutrophilia fecal leukocytes |
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| nematodes aka |
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| round worm |
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| what are two caracteristics unique to nematodes |
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| cuticle covering resistant to drying and crushing complete digestive system: mouth, intestines, anus |
question
| what forms of nematodes cause infection |
answer
| egg or larvae |
question
| what are the 7 nematodes and an aka for each |
answer
| ascaris lumbricoides: ascariasis, large round worm enterobius vermicularis: pin worm, seat worm necator americanus: hookworm ancylostoma: hookworm trichinella spiralis: trichinosis trichuris trichuria: whipworm stronglides: threadworm |
question
| phatyhelminth aka |
answer
| flat worm |
question
| what are the two types of platahelminths and their aka |
answer
| cestode: tapeworm termatode: flukes |
question
| what are the 4 tapeworms and their aka |
answer
| taniea saginata: beef tapeworm taneil solium: pork tapeworm diphyllobothrium latum: broad or fish tapeworm echinoccus granulosus: dog tapeworm |
question
| name one fluke |
answer
| schistoma hematobium |
question
| which nematodes are transmitted cutaneously, go into more detial on the transmission of each (3) |
answer
| necator americanus: eggs are in people, pigs, dogs, and soil. penetrate skin stronglides (threadworm): cutaneous transmission ancylostoma (hookworm): cutaneous transmission |
question
| which nematodes are transmitted orally, go into more detial on the transmission of each (4) |
answer
| ascaris lumbricoides: fecal oral between people, horses, and pigs. unwashed veggies with eggs in soil enterobius vermicularis: ingestion from infected bedding and clothes. trichinella spiralis: undercooked meat (pork, walrus, bear) trichuris trichuria: fecal contaminated beans, rice, grains |
question
| once in the body, what does ascaris lumbricoides do |
answer
| penetrate intestines, travel to lungs, migrate to trachea, swallowed, mature in SI |
question
| what are 4 signs of ascaris lumbricoides |
answer
| colon obstruction (adults in intestine) loeffler's pneumonitis pancreatitis cholecystitis |
question
| once in the body, what does eterobius vermicularis do |
answer
| ingested eggs hatch in cecum, female lays eggs at night causing perianal itching |
question
| how is entrobius vermicularis diagnosed |
answer
| scotch tape prep |
question
| what is the treatment for enterobius vermicularis |
answer
| infection will clear |
question
| once in the body, what does necator americanus do |
answer
| travel to blood, lungs, swallowrd in sputum, migrates to SI, sucks blood |
question
| what are the signs of necator americanus (4) |
answer
| 90% asymptomatic creeping erruption (cutaneous larva margins) Fe deficiency (micorcytic anemia) - rare malnutrition (protein loss) - rare |
question
| what is a sign of ancylostoma |
answer
| microcytic anemia |
question
| once in the body, what does trichinella spiralis do |
answer
| larvae penetrate SI, enter blood, disseminate to muscle form cyst viable for years |
question
| what are the early signs of trichinella |
answer
| 1-2 weeks abdominal pain diarrhea |
question
| what are the mid infection signs of trichinella |
answer
| 2-6 weeks myalgia weakness peripherial edema |
question
| what are the long term infection signs of trichinella |
answer
| months asymptomatic |
question
| where is trichuris trichuria found |
answer
| warm moist climates |
question
| once in the body, what does trichuris trichuria do |
answer
| eggs hatch in SI and migrate to LI and burrow into lumen and mate laying eggs in 3 mo |
question
| what are 4 signs of trichuris trichuria |
answer
| 99% asymptomatic heavy load: diarrhea, anemia, rectal prolapse |
question
| taneia saginata: difinitive host, transmission |
answer
| human transmission: undercooked beed |
question
| taneia solium: difinitive host, transmission |
answer
| human transmission: undercooked pork, human to human |
question
| what causes cysticerosis, what is it |
answer
| taneia solium cysts in the brain (neurocysterosis), eye, and muscle |
question
| what are two complications of taneia solium |
answer
| cysteriosis seizures |
question
| echinococcus granulosus: difinitive host, transmission |
answer
| dog and coyote transmission: dog feces or saliva |
question
| what causes echinococcosis, what is it |
answer
| echinoccus granulosus hydatid cyst filled with hydatid sand (particle units) liver cyst |
question
| diphylobothrium latum: transmission, clinical sign |
answer
| undercooked fish B12 deficiency |
question
| schistoma: appearance, 2 clinical signs |
answer
| lancet shape hematuria, bladder cancer |
question
| what are the three intestinal protozoa, what type of protozoa is each |
answer
| entamoeba histolytica - ameoba giardia lamblia - flagellate (beaver fever) cryptosporidium parvum - sporozoa |
question
| what are the two causes of dysentery |
answer
| aboebic - E. histolytica bacterial - shigella |
question
| what are the common symptoms between bacterial and amoebal dysentery |
answer
| tenesmus bloody diarrhea mucous diarrhea |
question
| what is different between bacterial and aboebic dysentery |
answer
| shigella - bacterial: high fever E. histolytica - ameoba: variable fever |
question
| what diseases does E. histolytica cause (3) |
answer
| ameobic dysentery traveler's dysentery abebiasis |
question
| where in the world can you get infected with E. hystolytica (4) |
answer
| Africa S. America India Asia |
question
| what is the main sign of E. hystolytica (defining) |
answer
| abscesses in liver, lung, or brain |
question
| what can host E. hystolytica, what is the primary host |
answer
| humans - primary dogs cats rodents |
question
| how is E. hystolytica transmitted |
answer
| fecal oral cyst in water |
question
| how can E. hystolytica be identified microscopically |
answer
| 1-4 nuclei in cyst |
question
| what are the two stages of E. hystolytica and a defining characteristic of each |
answer
| trophozoite: motile and metabolically active cyst: dormant, in water, stool, or soil |
question
| what are the 4 areas E. histolytica can go in the body |
answer
| intestines liver lung brain |
question
| what is the sign of an acute intestinal E. hystolytica |
answer
| tenesmus bloody mucous dysentery |
question
| what is the sign of a chronic intestinal E. hystolytica |
answer
| recurrent bloody mucous dysentery constipation appendicitis perforation pseudopolyps |
question
| what is the sign of chronic liver E. hystolytica |
answer
| abscess (anchovy paste exudate) hepatitis |
question
| what is a sign of chronic lung E. hystolytica |
answer
| abscess pneumonia |
question
| what is a sign of chronic brain E. hystolytica |
answer
| abscess encephalitis |
question
| what is the #1 protozoal intestinal disease in the us |
answer
| giardia lamblia / beaver fever |
question
| what are the two forms of giardia and some acivities in each form |
answer
| cyst: non motile, resistant, dormant trophozoite: in Si, motile, metabolic, reprodctive |
question
| once in the body where does giardia go |
answer
| trophozoite attaches to SI, non invasive |
question
| what type of metabolism does giardia have, how do we know this |
answer
| facultative anaerobe no mitochondria |
question
| how is giardia transmitted |
answer
| fecal oral cyst in water |
question
| what are endemic areas for giardia |
answer
| rocky mountain india russia |
question
| what are hosts for giardia, what is the primary |
answer
| humans - primary beavers pigs cats dogs monkeys |
question
| what are six signs of giardia |
answer
| belching flatulence lipid malabsorption B12 malabsorption diarrhea - foul smell, sulfur vomiting no fever |
question
| how is giardia identified microscopically |
answer
| old man look to trophozoite and cyst |
question
| how is E. hystolytica treated |
answer
| metronidazole |
question
| where can you get cryptosporidium parvum |
answer
| community epidemic |
question
| what are the hosts for cryptosporidium parvum, what is primary |
answer
| human - primary domestic animals - reservoir |
question
| what is the transmission for cryptosporidium parvum |
answer
| fecal oral |
question
| what are the signs of a cryptosporidium parvum infection in a normal person (3) |
answer
| parasite load dependent severe diarrhea vomiting - mild short term cryptosporidosis - self limiting |
question
| what are the signs of cryptosporidium in an AIDs patient (2) |
answer
| life threatning damage of gallbladder, biliary, lung crpytpsporodiosis: prolonged severe diarrhea |
question
| how is cryptosporidium parvum diagnosed |
answer
| ACID FAST |
question
| once in the body what does cryptosporidium parvum do |
answer
| sporocysts attach to mucosa become invasive merozoites mature to gametocytes make oocysts exit body |
question
| what is the tx for cryptosporidium paravum |
answer
| nitazoxanide |
question
| what is the prevention for cryptosporidium paravum |
answer
| sanation clean water |
question
| [image] |
answer
| ascaris lumbricoides |
question
| [image] |
answer
| ascaris lumbricoides2 |
question
| [image] |
answer
| cryptoporidium parvum |
question
| [image] |
answer
| cysteriosis in eye |
question
| [image] |
answer
| enterobius vermicularis |
question
| [image] |
answer
| enterobius vermicularis2 |
question
| [image] |
answer
| garidia lamblia |
question
| [image] |
answer
| hydatid cyst |
question
| [image] |
answer
| necator americanus |
question
| [image] |
answer
| trichinella spiralis |
question
| [image] |
answer
| trichuris trichuria |
