Final Microbiology Review – Flashcards
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Unlock answers| Define phycology |
Deals with the study of autotrophic eukaryotic organisms.
Members are generally called algae. |
Define mycology.
By studying this, what are its human uses? |
Study of fungi, including their genetic and biochemical properties, their taxonomy and their use to humans
Human uses: - Tinder - Medicinals (penicillin) Food (beer, wine, cheese, edible mushrooms) - Entheogens |
Define Virology
|
| Study of viruses and virus-like agents |
| Define parasitology. |
| The study of parasites, their hosts and the relationship between them. |
| Define bacteriology |
| Study of bacteria |
| Define medical microbiology |
| Study of pathogenic microbes and the role of microbes in human illness |
Who was the first person to see living microorganisms?
In which year? |
Anton van leeuwenhoek
1674 |
| Who discovered anthrax? |
| Robert koch |
| Who found cell theory? |
| Robert Hooke |
| What did Louis Pasteur do? |
Pasteurization Fermentation |
| What did Joseph Lister do? |
Used phenol to treat surgical wounds.
It was the first attempt to control infections caused by microorganisms. |
| What did Robert Koch do? |
Koch's Postulates.
|
| What did Edward Jenner do? |
| Vaccination against small pox |
What did Paul Erlich do? ; ; |
Created the first synthetic drug used to treat infection ; Salvarsan - arsenic based chemical to treat syphilis - "salvation" from syphillis - develop the principle of chemotherapy to cure dz ; ; |
| What did Ellie Metchnikoff do? |
| Discover the phenomenon of phagocytosis. |
| What did Hans Christian Gram do? |
| Develop differential staining of bacteria using gentian violet dye |
| What did N.Winogradsky do? |
| Discovered N2 fixing bacteria in the soil |
| What did Willian Welch do? |
| Discovered the relation of anaerobic bacteria to gangrene |
| What did Walter Reed do? |
| Discovered the transmission of yellow fever by mosquito |
| What did Howard T.Ricketts do? |
| Discovered rickettisiae |
How do you determine magnification? ; Normal value? |
Multiply ocular lens by objective lens. ; Ocular 10x, Objective 40x 10 x 40 = 400 |
| What is the colour of gram positive? |
| BLUE |
What is the colour of gram negative? ; What is the four step process? |
RED ; 1. Crystal violet 2. Iodine 3. Alcohol 4. Safranin |
| Define antisepsis |
| Destrustion of pathogenic microorganisms existing in their vegetative state on living tissue |
Define sterilization ; |
| any process, physical or chemical, that will destroy all forms of life, including bacterial, fungi, spores and viruses |
Define germicide. ; ; |
| Any agent that kills vegetative cells of microorganism but not the resistant stage (spores) is a germicide |
| Define sanitization |
| A sanitizer does not kill all the microbes but brings down their number to a safe level when they cannot cause any harm |
| 3 physical methods |
1. Dry heat 2. Moist heat 3. Filteration |
What is another name for dry heat? ; What is dry heat used for? ; |
Hot air over ; Used on waxes, oils (wet heat usually preferred), test tubes, conical flasks, petriishes and pipetlets |
What is autoclaving? ; What is it used for? |
High temperature steam plus pressure ; Used for... Solid and liquid media for microbial cultures Heat stable liquids Heat resistant equipments and instruments (glassware, rubber products and surgical instruments) |
Prokaryotes vs Eukaryotes ; List 6 differences between them. |
P has no membrane bound nucleus. E has membrane bound nucleus. ; P has no membrane bound organelles. E has membrane bound organelles (compartmentalisation) ; P's cell walls are made of peptidoglycan (thickness of wall depends on wether the cell is gram +ve or -ve). E's cells walls if present is made of cellulose (chitin in fungi) ; P has pili and fimbriae (for adhesion) and flagella (for propulsion). E has cilia or flagella (for movement) ; P has mucilaginous capsule. E doesn't have a mucilaginous capsule present (numerous internal structures present)
P ranges from 0.5um to 100um bound nucleus. E ranges from 10-150um cell size. |
| Four phases of the growth of bacterias |
Lag phase Log phase Stationary phase Death phase |
| Define lag phase |
| Vigorous metabolic activity occurs but cells do not divide |
| Define log phase |
Rapid cell division occurs
Beta lactum drugs, such as penicillin, act during log phase because the drugs are effective when cells are making peptidoglycan (diving) |
| Define stationary phase. |
| Occurs when nutrient depletion or toxic products cause growth to slow until the number of new cells produced balances the number of cells that die |
| Define death phase. |
| Marked by a decline in the number of viable bacteria |
What are thermophiles?
Where are they found? |
Extremophiles which can live in extremely hot water.
Found in hot springs |
What are halophiles?
Where are they found? |
Extremophiles that live in salty water.
Great salt lake in utah and the dead sea. |
What do methalogens do?
Where do they live? |
Produce methane.
Live in digestive tract of mammals in swamps and sewage. |
| What is M. Tuberculosis' response to oxygen? |
Obligate aerobe ; Require oxygen to grow because their ATP-generating system is dependent on oxygen as the hydrogen acceptor |
| What is E.Coli bacteria's response to oxygen? |
Facultative anaerobe
Utilize oxygen to generate energy by respiration |
| What is Clostridium tetani bacteria's response to oxygen? |
Obligate anaerobic ; Cannot grow in the presence of oxygen because they lack either superoxide dismutase or catalase or both |
Is actinomyces israelii aerobic or anaerobic? ; A. israelii forms part of the ____ _____ of the _____ ______. ; What disease does it cause? What does this disease do? |
Anaerobic ; Normal flora of the oral cavity ; Actinomycosis - which appears as a hard, non-tender swelling that develops slowly and eventually drains pus through sinus tracts. |
Streptococcus pneumoniae ; What happens when inhaled? What happens when enters GI Tract? |
Pneumonia ; Nothing |
Salmonella Typhi ; What happens when enters GI Tract? What happens when on skin? |
Typhoid fever ; Nothing |
| What do leukocidins do? |
Attack certain type of WBCs ; 1. They kill WBCs which prevents phagocytosis 2. Release and rupture lysosomes (contain powerful enzymes which then cause more tissue damage) |
| What are hemolysins? |
| Cause the lysis of RBCs |
Define the following terms
|
Coagulase: cause blood to coagulate ; Kinases: enzymes that dissolve blood clots
|
| What is a necrotic factor? |
| Causes death (necrosis) to tissue cells |
Clostridium tetani ; Is it gram positive or negative? Does it form spores? What is it's response to oxygen? How does the body react to this bacteria? |
Gram positive
Yes - spore-forming bactera
Anaerobic rod
Neurotoxins acts on nerves, resulting in the inhibition of muscle relaxation
Tetanospasmin: spasms or lock jaw |
| Where are endotoxins found? |
Part of the gram negative bacterial cell wall
Lipopolysaccharide component of the outer membrane of gram negative bacteria |
| What type of bacteria are exotoxins most seen in? |
Gram positive
Most gene that code for exotoxins are located on plasmids or phages |
Mycoplasma
What is it? What disease does it cause? How to culture it? What appearance does a typical mycoplasma colony show? |
A group of smallest organisms that can be free-living in nature
Disease: Atypical pneumonia (walking pneumonia)
Culture: most aerobic, require 10%-20% human or animal serum added to basic nutrient media except acholeplasma
Typical colon show fried egg appearance |
DNA envoloped viruses
|
Hepadnavirus Herpesvirus Poxivirus |
| RNA Non-evoloped viruses |
Picornavirus Calcivirus Reovirus |
| General characteristic of RNA virus |
Generally single stranded, except for reoviruses
|
| General characteristic of DNA viruses |
Generally double stranded, except for parvoviruses
|
Cyanobacteria
What was it formerly known as?
It is the first organism to do what?
What is the function? |
Formerly known as: bluegreen algae
First algae
First organism to have 2 photosystems and to produce organic material and give off oxygen as a bi-product
|
Rickettsia rickettsia
What disease does it cause?
How is it transmitted to humans?
What are the symptoms of the disease? |
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
The microbe rickettsia rickettsii is transmitted by a tick vector from its rodent reservoir to human intruders into the wildlife cycle. We become dead-end hosts.
Symptoms: Rash, fever, headache |
What are saprobes?
Give 2 examples. |
Decomposers
Molds and mushrooms |
What do parasites do?
Give 2 examples and what do they do? |
Harm hosts
Rusts and smuts (attack plants) |
What is the key characteristic of mutualists?
Give 2 examples. |
Both benefit
Lichens and Mycorrhizas |
| What is basidiomycota called? |
| club fungi |
| What are zygomycotas called? |
| bread molds |
| What are ascomycota called? |
| sac fungi |
| What are chytridiomycota called? |
| chytrids |
| What is a characteristic of lichens? |
| symbiosis between algae and fungi |
| What are AM fungi called? |
| Mycorrhizas |
What does Candidiasis most commonly cause?
What is the 2nd and 3rd most common cause?
Who do we see candiasis in?
What kind of dishcharge is there? |
Vaginitis
2-gardenella: fishy odor; 3-trichomonas:frothy green discharge
Females and thrush in neonates (beware of di george)
white curdy discharge |
Where are histoplasma found?
What are they present in?
They live within __________. |
Midwest
Pigeons and bat droppings
Lives within macrophages |
Northeast
Pigeons
Big broad based budding hyphae --> cavitary lesions |
Where are coccidio found?
What are the 2 types of cavities? |
Southwest
Broadbased cavity
thin wall cavity |
In the disease dermatophytosis....
What is another name of ring worm and where is it in the body? |
tinea corporis
body |
In the disease dermatophytosis....
What is another name of jock itch and where is it in the body? |
tinea cruris
groin |
In the disease dermatophytosis....
What is another name of athlete's foot and where is it in the body? |
tinea pedis ; foot |
In the disease dermatophytosis.... ; Where is tinea capitis in the body? |
| scalp |
In the disease dermatophytosis.... ; What is another name of onycnomycosis and where is it in the body? |
tinea unguium ; nail |
What protozoa causes Giardiasis? ; What are other names of this disease? ; How are these protozoas acquired? ; After consumption, where do they reside in the body? ; What are some symptoms? |
Giardia lamblia ; Backpackers disease, beaver fever ; Acquired by drinking water with cysts ; Inhabits intestines of several animals and man ; Cramping and diarrhea |
How is schistosomiasis aquired and who carries it? ; Which helminth affects the liver? What does it increase the risk of? ; What does Schistosoma Hematobium cause? |
Walking bare foot in a swamp ; Snails carry it ; Schistosoma mansoni affects the liver ; risk of CA ; Causes squamous cell bladder cancer (chronic irritation) |
Toxacara ; Carti: ____ larvae Cani: _____ larvae ; What do these cause (2)? What are the characteristic features of each? |
Carti - cat Cani - dog ; Cutaneous larva migrans - can see larve burrowing under the skin, itchy ; Visceral larve migrans - larva migrates to organ (liver) |
How is echnococcus aquired? ; What disease does it cause? |
from eating raw lamb, sheep, dogs ; Hydatid Cyst Disease |
Which helminth likes the biliary tract? ; What is the clue for biliary involvement? ; What does it cause? |
Clinorchis sinensis/opthorchis ; alkaline phosphatase ; gastroenteritis |
What disesease does trypanasoma cruzi cause? ; What does it do once inside the body? ; Which continent do we get it from? ; Which bug is it present in? |
Chagas disease ; eats ganglia and causes heart block ; south america ; reduuvid bug |
The helminth, typanosomaa rhodienses is carried by.... ; What connection in the body does it affect? ; What is the disease called? |
tsetse fly ; GABA connection ; African sleeping disease |
What is leschmaniases transmitted by? ; What does it cause? |
Sand flies ; gulf war syndrome |
| What does leschmania donivini attack? |
| skin and nostrils |
Which helminth likes to be systemic (in the blood) and attacks organs? ; If systemic, what is it called? ; What is the treatment? |
Leschmania rhodiensis ; Kala-Azar ; Stibogluconate |
Where is entomoeba histolytica transmitted from? ; What does it cause? ; What are the symptoms? |
food and water contaminated with cysts ; Amoebic dysentery ; bloody diarrhea |
| Flat worms will ____ around the ________. |
| curl, intestine |
| What does the D. Latum like to eat? |
| B12 (homocystiene methyl transferase, methyl malonyl mutase) |
| What is tanea saginatum associated with? |
| raw beef |
Tanea Solium is a larvae from ____________. ; It is aquired from? ; Where does it reside in the body after ingestion? |
Cystericerosis ; raw pork ; likes to swim in the aqueous humor of the eye |
Where is the biblical worm, trichinella spiralis aquired from? ; After ingestion, where does it reside in the body and what does it cause? |
raw bear meat ; it tunnels under muscles and causes myoisitis |
What does spirometra cause? ; How is it aquired? ; Which region of USA, which countries of east asia and south asia is it found in? |
Sparganosis ; When ingest polluted water raw or eat inadequately cooked flesh of snakes or frogs ; Southeast region of USA, china, japan, korea, malaysia, india and philippines |
What kind of worm is trichuris trichurium? ; What does it anchor into? ; What does it cause? |
Whip worm ; Achors into the rectum ; It causes tenesmus (feel the need to poop) and rectal prolapse because the worm will get bigger and push it back further |
What disease does onchocerca cause? ; What is another name for the disease? ; What are its characteristics? |
Onchocerciasis ; River blindness ; tissue nematodes |
