Chapter 1&2 Microbiology – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| What is the Hierachy of Organization? |
Atom Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere |
What is an Atom? |
basic unit of matter |
What is a Molecule? |
combined atoms |
What is a Macromolecule? |
large molecules in cells composed of monomers |
What is Subcellular Structure? |
a structure in the cell that has a particular function |
What is a Cell? |
basic unit of life |
What is a Tissue? |
a group of similar cells organized for an integrated function |
What is an Organ? |
a structure composed of 2 or more tissues |
What is an Organ System? |
a group of organs with a similar function |
What is an Organism? |
living thing |
What is a Population? |
organisms of the same species living in a particular locality |
What is a Community? |
all the organisms that live in a particular locality |
What is an Ecosystem? |
interaction between the community and the habitat |
What is a Biosphere? |
the region of the earth that supports life |
What are the Characteristics of life? |
organisms have: organization growth movement respond to stimuli reproduce undergo development composed of cells contain DNA maintain homeostasis undergo metabolism (anabolism,catabolism) adapt evolve |
What are the Scientific Method Steps? |
Science as a process of knowing: Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Testing Conclusions |
What do you need for a good experiment? |
Must have control group and test group Subjects must be the same Must have more than one subject Variables stay the same in the control group |
Why are microorganisms important to study? |
mineral cycling decomposers photosynthetic micros base of food chain in aquatic environ. disease make vitamins contribute to normal flora break down dangerous compounds industrial processes fermentation products/chemicals sewage treatment produce antibiotics food/food processing spoilage of food research biotechnology pesticides |
What is Prokaryotic? |
simple cell no nucleus |
What is Eukaryotic? |
contains a nucleus, DNA, and organelles |
What is Autotrophy? |
an organism that can make their own food |
What is Heterotrophy by Ingestion? |
taking in large particles of food to be digested |
What is Heterotrophy by Absorption? |
releases enzymes to break down substrates to be absorbed |
Whittaker |
introduced the 5 kingdom system |
Woese |
responsible for defining archaea and RNA hypothesis |
Margulis |
eukaryotic organelles/endosymbiotic theory |
What are the six kingdoms of life? |
eubacteria-prokaryotic archebacteria-hetero/autotrophic/prokaryotic protista- eukaryotic/protozoa,algae,mold fungi- eukaryotic yeast/mold/rust/shrooms animal- hetertrophic/multicell/eukaryotic plant- eukaryotic/autroph
|
What is the basic structure of a virus? |
nucleic acid, protein coat, no cell structure, not living, uses host cell for replication, important human pathogens |
Hooke |
made a microscope and discovered cells |
Leeuwenhoeck |
founder of microbiology |
Redi |
disproved spontaneous generation for macroscopic organisms |
Schleiden and Schwann |
developed the cell theory |
Pasteur |
| made swan-neck flask, disproved spontaneous generation, pasteurization, germ theory, vaccine for cholera, vaccine for anthrax, rabies vaccine |
Koch |
| found causative agent for anthrax, tuberculosis, staining techniques, aseptic techniques, in vitro culturing, postulates |
Hesse |
introduced the use of agar-agar as a solidifying agent |
Petri |
invented the petri dish |
Jenner |
smallpox vaccine |
Semmelweiss |
| demonstrated that childbed fever was contagious disease spread by physicians who did not wash their hands |
Lister |
used carbolic acid as an antiseptic |
Snow |
| traced a cholera outbreak to a municipal water supply that was contaminated by sewage |
Gram |
developed the gram stain |
Ivanowski |
found causative agent of tobacco mosaic disease |
Reed |
causative agent for yellow fever |
Erhlich |
developed arsenic-based chemotherapeutic agent to treat syphilis |
Fleming |
discovered penicillin from a mold agar plate |
Domagk |
discovered the first sulfa drug called prontosil |
What are the symptoms of the bubonic plague? |
fever, swollen lymph nodes, pneumonia |
How was the bubonic plague transmitted? |
from an infected flea bite |
What was Miasma theory? |
| disease arose from an altered chemical in the atmosphere called miasma which came from decaying bodies known as miasms |
What was spontaneous generation? |
| people believed certain organisms arose spontaneously from nonliving material under contemporary conditions. (i.e. you cover a piece of cheese and a mouse appears) |
Who proved the germ theory? |
Pasteur and Koch |
What are Koch's Postulates? |
the same microorganisms are present in every case of disease they are isolated from the tissues of a dead animal and a pure culture is prepared from the culture they are inoculated into a healthy animal to reproduce the disease the same microorganisms are isolated and recultivated from the tissue specimens |
; What are aseptic techniques? |
; techniques performed in a sterile environment |
; What is a pure culture? |
; a culture that contains one microbe and no contaminants |
; What are the symptoms of smallpox? |
; pustules, some cases merge, some hemorrage |
; What virus causes smallpox? |
; variola virus |
; How did Jenner contribute to the control of smallpox? |
| Jenner developed a vaccine using the cowpox virus |
; What is the vaccinia virus? |
; the virus that made the smallpox vaccine |
; What is Matter? |
; anything that has mass and occupies space |
; What is an Atom? |
; the basic unit of matter |
; What is an Element? |
; a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means |
; What is a Macroelement? |
; an element needed by organisms in large amounts |
; What is microelement? |
; an element needed by organisms in small amounts |
; What is an Atomic Number? |
; total number of protons in the nucleus |
; What is Mass Number? |
; total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus |
; What is Atomic Weight? |
; total weight of an atom, particularly protons and neutrons |
; What is an Isotope? |
; an element that has different numbers of neutrons |
; What is a Radioisotope? |
; a radioactive isotope |
; What is the structure of an Atom? |
; Proton- positive charge Neutron- no charge Electron- negative charge |
; What is the rule of Octet? |
| first shell can hold 2 electrons, second and third shell can hold 8 electrons |
; Which electrons are involved in chemical reactivity? |
; reactive and nonreactive |
; What is rearrangement reaction? |
| where the electrons rearrange themselves (i.e. ZYZ--->YZZ) |
What is synthesis reaction? |
where the electrons combine (i.e. A+B--->AB) |
What is decomposition reaction? |
| where the electrons break apart or the opposite of synthesis (i.e. AB---> A+B) |
What is displacement reaction? |
| two sets of electrons share and combine (i.e. AB+CD---> AD+BC) |
What is a covalent bond? |
a bond formed by sharing electrons |
What is a nonpolar covalent bond? |
electrons are shared equally |
What is a polar covalent bond? |
electrons are shared unequally |
What is an Ionic Bond? |
forms by transferring electrons |
What is a hydrogen bond? |
| forms between a hydrogen covalently bonded to one molecule and an oxygen or nitrogen on the same or different molecule |
What is the PH Scale? |
the measure of the hydrogen ion concentration |
What is the PH of a Cell? |
|
