Archaea and Bacteria – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Three domains? |
| Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
Which phylum has these characteristics? 1. Thermophilic 2. Sulfur and acid-loving 3. G(-) 4. Ex. Sulfolobus |
| Crenarchaeota |
Which phylum has these characteristics? 1. Thermophilic 2. Methane and salt-loving 3. G(+) 4. Ex. Halobacterium |
| Euryarchaeota |
| The phyla Crenarchaeota and Euryarchaeota are sometimes referred to as ________________. |
| Extremophiles |
These are characteristic of which class of proteobacteria? 1. Grow at low leverls of nutrients 2. Some have unusual morphologies that include stalks or buds 3. Some are nitrogen-fixers 4. Many grow in aquatic environments |
| alpha-proteobacteria |
These are characteristic of which class of proteobacteria? 1. Some overlap with the alpha-proteobacteria 2. Some are nitrogen-fixers |
| beta-proteobacteria |
These are characteristic of which class of proteobacteria? 1. Largest and most diverse class of proteobacteria 2. One of the largest prokaryotic organisms, Thiomargarita, is found in this class. |
| gamma-proteobacteria |
These are characteristic of which class of proteobacteria? 1. Contains many organisms that are important to the sulfur cycle 2. Contains many bacterial predators |
| delta-proteobacteria |
These are characteristic of which class of proteobacteria? 1. Smallest class of proteobacteria 2. Members helical or vibriod 3. Both groups are motile and microaerophilic |
| epsilon-proteobacteria |
| Which phylum is composed primarily of G(-), chemoheterotrophic bacteria that are thought to have risen from a common photosynthetic ancestor? |
| Proteobacteria |
-Thought to be the most abundant organism on the planet -Found in the ocean -Discovered by FISH from Sargasso Sea -Alpha-proteobacteria |
| Pelagibacter |
-Lives in soil. -Nitrogen fixer. -Associated with roots of tropical grasses. -Do not invade tissues of plants. -Alpha-proteobacteria |
| Azospirillum |
-Producers of acetic acid -Alpha-proteobacteria |
| Acetobacter & Gluconobacter |
-Formerly grouped with Chlamydia and Coxiella -Alpha-proteobacteria -all are obligate intracellular parasites -Tick, flea, or louse born -Responsible for RMSF -G(-) -Rod or coccobacilli shaped |
| Rickettsia |
-Symbionts of insects and other invertebrates -Alpha-proteobacteria -Can influence or determine sex of infected organisms -Could be most infectious group on the planet |
| Wolbachia |
-Nitrogen fixer -found in root nodules of legumes -improves growth of plants -Alpha-proteobacteria |
| Rhizobium |
-Causes 'cancer' in plants -Alpha-proteobacteria |
| Agrobacterium |
-Important bacteria in N cycle -One is alpha, one is Beta |
| Nitrobacter(alpha), nitrosomonas (beta) |
-Causes 'cat scratch fever' -Alpha-proteobacteria |
| Bartonella |
-Coccobacillus -parasites of mammals -Causes Brucellosis, or 'Bangs' -Potential bio-terrorism agent -Alpha-proteobacteria -Causes abortions in farm animals -transmitted to humans in milk from infected animals -causes lethargy in humans ('college student syndrome') |
| Brucella |
-Important in sulfur and iron cycles -Beta-proteobacteria |
| Thiobacullus |
-Important in sewage treatment but can cause bulking -Beta-proteobacteria |
| Sphaerotilus |
-Important in the aerobic part of sewage treatment -Beta-proteobacteria |
| Zooglea |
-spiral organisms, but not grouped with spirochaetes because they have true flagella instead of axial filaments -can contain disease-causing organisms -Beta-proteobacteria |
| Spirillum |
-formerly classified in the genus Pseudomonas -G(-) rod -the Cepacia species is an important pathogen as it disintegrates pectin and causes 'soft rot' -causes nosocomial infections -Beta-proteobacteria |
| Burkholderia |
| Major groups of organisms that are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections? |
| Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Escherichia (gram negative and in the gamma-proteobacteria), Enterococcus (not Beta-proteobacteria) |
| Major groups of organisms that are responsible for the majority of nosocomial infections? |
| Burkholderia, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Escherichia (gram negative and in the gamma-proteobacteria), Enterococcus (not Beta-proteobacteria) |
-One causes a fruity smell and green pus -both cause problems with lung infections and reside on plants, which is why it is a bad idea to send hospital patients potted plants
|
| Burkholderia and Pseudomonas (fruity smell) |
-G(-) rod -causes whooping cough -can be prevented with the DTP immunization -Beta-proteobacteria |
| Bordetella Pertussis |
-inhabit mucous membranes of mammals -two species, Gonorrhoeae and meningitides -aerobic G(-) diplococcus -Beta-proteobacteria |
| Neisseria |
-also called The Drip, Clap, etc. -most are drug-resistant -can cause sterility, PID, and generalized fatal disease in women before symptoms show up |
| Gonorrhea |
-Gamma-proteobacteria -one of the largest gammas -is a nitrogen-fixer -useful for cleaning up oil spills -Aeruginosa causes nosocomial infections -ubiquitous in soil, water, air -reason why not to send plants to people in hospital
|
| Pseudomonas |
-species of Pseudomonas -responsible for keeping the ski industry afloat due to water freezing properties - |
| syringae |
-two species of Pseudomonas -nitrogen-fixers
|
| Azotobacter and Azomonas |
-causes pink eye -gamma-proteobacteria -G(-) coccobacillus |
| Moraxella |
-possibly a plant pathogen -has antibiotic resistance -new major concern in nosocomial infections -gamma-proteobacteria |
| Acinetobacter baumanii |
-causes tularemia or "rabbit fever" -usually diagnosed serologically -potential bioterrorism agent -gamma-proteobacteria |
| Francisella tularensis |
-cause of Legionnaires disease -not ID'd in 1976 -found in watery environments -gamma-proteobacteria |
| Legionella pneumophilia |
-cause of Q fever -potential bio-terrorism agent -not spread by insect vector -gamma-proteobacteria |
| Coxiella burnetii |
-causes cholera -introduced into environments by bilge waters of boats, contaminating harbors and shellfish beds -gamma-proteobacteria |
| Vibrio cholerae |
-species of Vibrio -causes mild diarrhea from eating contaminated or improperly;prepared shellfish -gamma ; |
| V. parahaemolyticus |
-get from bad shellfish -high rate of morbidity -painful, blister-type lesions -naturally-occurring organism -gamma |
| V. vulnificus |
-G(-) rod -called "enterics" since most are found in the intestinal tract -just group of genuses |
| Enterobacteriales |
| Escherichia, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus, Yersinia, Erwinia, Enterobacter are all examples of what? |
| Enterobacteriales |
-many different strains -normal gut inhabitant -ex. O157:H7 -gamma |
| E. Coli |
-most all are pathogens for animals -most often associated with farm animal products -chief cause of food poisoning -not found in healthy gut -gamma |
| Salmonella |
-causes bacillary dysentery shigellosis -found only in humans -major cause of travellers' diarrhea -spread by contaminated water after natural disasters -not found in healthy gut -gamma |
| Shigella |
-can have in nose and throat without causing disease -causes problems in young children and alcoholics -can cause pneumonia and otitis media -poor toilet habits get M.O. on hands, hands to mouth, inhale from hands -gamma |
| Klebsiella pneumoniae |
-used in mock biological warfare exercises -produces red pigment -Gamma -G(-), stains pink |
| Serratia marcescens |
-very motile -can cause problem in wounds where injuries aren't life-threatening -found in gut -G(-) rod |
| Proteus vulgaris |
-formerly named Pasteurella but was renamed -causes Black Plague, two forms, bubonic (flea bite) and pneumonic (inhalation) -causes death in 4-7 days (bubonic) or 2-3 (pneumonic) if not treated |
| Yersinia pestis |
-found in the environment and gut -only a problem outside the gut -can cause nosocomial infections -both Enterobacter species |
| E. aerogenes and E. cloacae |
-important plant pathogen -causes soft rot -caused the potato famine -gamma |
| Erwinia |
-humans can get from dog and cat bites -common animal pathogen -Pasteurella species -gamma ; ; |
| P. multocida |
-can cause pneumonia and inner ear infections -most important disease is meningitis in children --Hib immunization available -req'd childhood immunization -gamma |
| Haemophilus influenzae |
| What two organisms are often confused with each other because of the scabs they both cause? |
| Syphilis (hard scab) and H. ducreyi (soft scab) |
-G(-), attacks other G(-) organisms -uses long flagellum to "spear" potential host cells, then drops of flagellum, consumes cell contents, develops more cells which are released -Delta-proteobacteria -thought could use to treat Salmonella and Escherichia, but can't |
| Bdellovibrio |
-has food-poisoning type symptoms -carried by chickens -problem with kids in daycare -Epsilon-proteobacteria |
| Campylobacter jejuni |
-Epsilon-proteobacteria -causes spontaneous abortion in animals |
| Campylobacter fetus |
-causes peptic ulcers in humans -also linked to stomach cancer -Marshal drank culture, got ulcers, then recovered -thought carried by chickens, but not documented -Epsilon-proteobacteria |
| Helicobacter pylori |
| All nonproteobacteria are ______________. |
| Gram-negative |
| Cyanobacteria, spirochetes, Chlamydia, Becteroides, and the Fusobacterium are all members of which group? |
| Nonproteobacteria |
-floating organisms in fresh or saltwater -resemble archaea and eukaryotic cells ex. Gemmata
|
| Planctomycetes |
-phylum once considered part of Rickettsia -STD -person-to-person contact required -unusual life cycle
|
| Chlamydiae |
| What are the three body forms of Chlamydiae and what do they show? |
Elementary - infective form -Reticulate - inside the cell which replicates the organism -Intermediate - transition between elementay and reticulate |
| Three examples of Chlamydiae? |
| C. Trachomatis, C. Psittaci, C. Pneumoniae |
| What is considered the #1 STD? |
| Chlamydiae trachomatis |
| How is C. trachomatis diagnosed and why? |
| using serology; because it is an obligate intracellular parasite |
-primarily infects birds -reason birds are quarantined when being imported -causes psittacosis -non-proteobacteria |
| Chlamydophila psittaci |
-recently discovered cause of a pneumonia -associated with heart disease -non-proteobacteria |
| Chlamydophila pneumoniae |
-motile by axial filaments instead of true flagella -many harmless aquatic forms, but also several plant pathogens -primary, secondary, and tertiary stages -group |
| Spirochaetes |
-causes relapsing fever in outdoors-people -causes waves of fever -number of cycles indicates whether from tick or louse -non-proteobacteria
|
| Borrelia |
-causes Lyme disease -Species of Borrelia -characteristic 'bulls eye lesion' -tick bite -non-proteobacteria |
| B. burgdorferi |
-major problem in Viet Nam soldiers -rats are carriers, but can also get from dogs -non-proteobacteria |
| Leptospira |
-strictly anaerobic -important gut inhabitant -can cause severe problems if gut is opened -results in peritonitis -non-proteobacteria |
| Bacteroides, Prevotella |
-in dental abcesses -rods with pointed ends -obligate anaerobes -non-proteobacteria |
| Fusobacterium |
-Phylum Firmicutes -give "fried egg" colony on culture media -lack cell walls -treat with tetracyclines -G(+) |
| Mycoplasma |
-obligate anaerobic spore-forming rods -spore-forming -three most common organisms: tetani, botulinum, perfringens (gangrene) -G(+) -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Clostridium |
-disease caused by powerful neurotoxins -result of dirty wound, most often inoculated by rusty nail -G(+) -Phylum Firmicutes
|
| Clostridium tetani |
-food poisoning caused by improperly processed food -shown some cases of SIDS -strains designated by a, b, c, d, etc. -G(+) -Phylum Firmicutes
|
| Clostridium botulinum |
-one group of Clostridia causes gas gangrene -not associated with neurotoxins -may destroy circulatory capabilities at wound site -G(+) -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Clostridium perfringens |
-nosocomial -G(+) -Clostridium species -Nicknamed "C-diff" -Phylum Firmicutes |
| C. difficile |
-obligate anaerobe -Stains G(-), but genetically is G(+) -does not cause any disease -diplococcus -only in women -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Veillonella |
| Is Bacillus G(+) or (-)? |
| (+) |
-causes "Chinese food poisoning" -endospores in rice, consumed, cause either vomiting or diarrhea -causes high amounts of gas -G(+) -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Bacillus cereus |
-causes encephalitis/meningitis in young children -major problem in pregnant women -G(+) -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Listeria - L. monocytogenes |
-(G)+, in clumps or clusters -large group of opportunistic pathogens -produce coagulase, which causes plasma to clot -causes lesions -normal inhabitant of gut and mouth, but causes disease when it leaves those places -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Staphylococcus |
| Does Staphylococcus prodce an endospore? |
| No |
| ____________ produce lactic acid as one of their characteristics. |
| Lactobacillales |
-associated with food but does not cause disease -member of vaginal flora, eating yogurt with active cultures can help mantain them -G(+) -can initiate growth at low pH -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Lactococcus |
-once classified as Streptococcus, now separate genera -natural inhabitant of gut, can cause problem if it escapes -nosocomial infection -G(+) -Phylum Firmicutes |
| Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium |
-G(+) in chains, causes wide variety of diseases, mostly with capsules -always catalase negative -classify using blood agar reactions -Pyrogenes species responsible for 90% of diseases caused by this group -phylum Firmicutes |
| Streptococcus |
| Puerperal fever, erysipelas, STSS, scarlet fever, and rheumatic fever are all caused by what organisms? |
| Streptococci |
| Necrotizing faciitis is a new "flesh eating bacteria" that is emerging that is an extremely aggressive strain of what organism? |
| Streptococcus pyrogenes |
-Phylum Actinobacteria -G(+), acid-fast positive, pleomorphic rod -aerobic -can survive several years in dust -recognized as killing more people than any other infectious agent |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
-G(+) -causes leprosy -infects only man and the nine-banded armadillo -least infectious of all infectious disease organisms -two forms, one of skin and one of nervous system |
| Mycobacterium leprae |
-flesh-devouring bacterium -destroys the fat layer under the skin causing the overlaying skin to die -first described in 1948 in Uganda -new problem in immigrants -G(+) |
| Mycobacterium ulcerans |
-causes diphtheria -G(+) pleomorphic rods -causes throat lesions -can be prevented using the DTP |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
-associated with common acne -eats oil and grows anaerobically -G(+) |
| Propionibacterium acnes |
-highly variable organism -some G(-), some G(+) -sometimes referred to "Honeymoon-itis" -cause of one of the most common forms of vaginitis |
| Gardnerella |
-filamentous forms of this organism are similar in appearance to fungi -true prokaryotes -only a few genera produce disease organisms -many harvested to be industrially to produce aromas -G(+) |
| Actinomycetes |
-major antibiotic genus -responsible for smells of rain, beach, and earth -over 500 species have been described |
| Streptomyces |
-obligate anaerobe causes infections of the face -difficult to treat -can cause lung infections
|
| Actinomyces israelii |
-aerobic, causes lesions in jaw after tooth extraction -can move from jaw to brain causing abscesses that are almost impossible to treat |
| Nocardia asteroides |
| T/F: All fungi are eukaryotic. |
| True |
| How is the fungi kingdom divided? |
| Into single-celled yeasts, filamentous molds, ans fleshy mushrooms, puffballs, etc. |
| Molds are a collection of individual filaments called _______. |
| Hyphae |
| The collected mass of hyphae is called a ____________. |
| Mycelium |
| Mycelia can be divided into two forms. What are they? |
| Aerial and vegetative. The aerial forms include spores, and the vegetative forms include roots of plants. |
| Hyphae can be coenocytic, which means what? |
| They lack dividing walls. |
| How are fungi classified? |
| By their means of reproduction. |
| What are the two ways fungi reproduce? |
Asexually by fragmentation, budding, and spore formation.
Sexually by the union of two parental nuclei. |
| Fungi that have sexual and asexual spores are called ______________. |
| Teleomorphs |
| Fungi that have not been shown to have spores are called ____________. |
| Anamorphs |
| 7 examples of beneficial fungi? |
| Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Torulopsis, Trichoderma, Taxomyces, Candida, Basidiomycetes |
| What is an opportunistic infection? |
| An infection that takes the opportunity to occur while your immune system is comprimised because of a pre-existing illness. |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Rhizopus. |
| Ubiquitous, Systemic, Opportunistic pathogen (can cause disease) |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Mucor. |
| Ubiquitous, Systemic, opportunistic pathogen (can cause disease if inhaled) |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Aspergillus. |
| Ubiquitous, systemic, opportunistic pathogen ("Farmer's Lung", bread mold) |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Blastomyces. |
| Soil (possibly bird droppings), systemic, inhalation |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Histoplasma. |
| Soil, systemic, inhalation |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Trichophyton. |
| Soil, cutaneous, ringworm |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Microsporum. |
| Soil, cutaneous, ringworm |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Epidermophyton. |
| Soil, cutaneous, ringworm |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Stachybotrys. |
| Soil, Systemic, Opportunistic pathogen |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Coccidioides immitis. |
| Soil, systemic, inhalation |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Candida albicans. |
| Human normal flora; systemic, cutaneous, subcutaneous, mucocutaneous;opportunistic pathogen (yeast infections, thrush) |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Pneumocystis carinii. |
| Ubiquitous, systemic, opportunistic pathogen, AIDS |
| List habitat, type of mycosis, and category/example of Cryptococcus neoformans. |
| Soil, bird droppings; systemic; inhalation |
| What is the definition of a virus? |
| an obligate intracellular parasite whose genome is DNA or RNA that replicates inside living cells using the cell's machinery. |
| A ________ is a fully functional viral particle capable of infecting its host cell. |
| virion |
