question

WHAT DO SOCIOLOGISTS CALL TWO OR MORE PEOPLE WHO IDENTIFY AND INTERACT WITH ONE ANOTHER?

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SOCIAL GROUP

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WHAT IS THE CORRECT SOCIOLOGICAL CONCEPT FOR ALL PEOPLE WITH A COMMON STATUS, SUCH AS "COLLEGE STUDENTS"?

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CATEGORY

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WHAT CONCEPT REFERS TO A TEMPORARY, LOOSELY FORMED COLLECTION OF PEOPLE WHO MAY OR MAY NOT INTERACT?

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SECONDARY GROUP

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CHARLES COOLEY REFERRED TO A SMALL SOCIAL GROUP WHOSE MEMBERS SHARE PERSONAL AND ENDURING RELATIONSHIPS USING THE CONCEPT

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PRIMARY GROUP

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WHAT IS EVERY SOCIETY'S MOST IMPORTANT PRIMARY GROUP?

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FAMILY

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A SECONDARY GROUP IS A SOCIAL GROUP THAT

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PURSUES A SPECIFIC GOAL OR ACTIVITY

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NAME CONCEPT THAT REFERS TO GROUP LEADERSHIP THAT EMPHASIZES THE COMPLETION OF TASKS

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INSTRUMENTAL LEADERSHIP

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WHICH CONCEPT REFERS TO GROUP LEADERSHIP THAT EMPHASIZES COLLECTIVE WELL-BEING?

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EXPRESSIVE LEADERSHIP

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WHICH TYPE OF LEADERSHIP STYLE FOCUSES ON INSTRUMENTAL CONCERNS, MAKING DECISIONS, AND ENSURING GROUP MEMBERS OBEY ORDERS?

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AUTHORITARIAN LEADERSHIP

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WHICH TYPE OF GROUP LEADER SUPPORTS COLLECTIVE DECISION-MAKING ON AN EGALITARIAN BASIS?

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DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP

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SOLOMON ASCH'S RESEARCH, IN WHICH SUBJECTS WERE ASKED TO MATCH LINES, SHOWED

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MANY SUBJECTS AGREED WITH THE WRONG ANSWERS GIVEN BY OTHERS IN THEIR GROUP

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STANLEY MILGRAM'S RESEARCH, IN WHICH SUBJECTS USED A "SHOCK GENERATOR," SHOWED THAT

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PEOPLE ARE LIKELY TO FOLLOW THE DIRECTIONS NOT ONLY OF LEGITIMATE AUTHORITY FIGURES BUT ALSO OF GROUPS ORDINARY INDIVIDUALS, EVEN IF DOING SO MEANS HARMING ANOTHER PERSONS

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WHAT IS GROUPTHINK?

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THE TENDENCY OF GROUP MEMBERS TO CONFORM, RESULTING IN A NARROW VIEW OF SOME ISSUE

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WHICH CONCEPT REFERS TO A SOCIAL GROUP THAT PEOPLE USE AS A POINT OF REFERENCE IN MAKING EVALUATIONS OR DECISIONS

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REFERENCE GROUP

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WHICH OF CONCEPTS REFER TO A SOCIAL GROUP TOWARD WHICH WE FEEL COMPETITION OR OPPOSITION

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OUT-GROUP

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WHICH CONCEPT REFERS TO A SOCIAL GROUP WITH TWO MEMBERS

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DYAD

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WHAT IS A TRIAD

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A SOCIAL GROUP WITH THREE MEMBERS

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DID SIMMEL THINK DYADS WERE BLANK STABLE THAN OTHER TYPES OF GROUPS

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MORE

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WHICH GROUPS TURN OUTWARD AND WHICH TURN INWARD

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A. LARGE GROUPS : INWARD B. HOMOGENEOUS GROUPS : OUTWARD C. HETEROGENEOUS GROUPS : INWARD

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WHICH CONCEPT REFERS TO THE WEAK SOCIAL TIES AMONG PERSONS WHO HAVE LITTLE COMMON IDENTITY AND LITTLE INTERACTION

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SOCIAL NETWORK

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WHICH OF THE STATEMENTS IS TYPICALLY TRUE OF A SOCIAL NETWORK

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NETWORKS ARE "FUZZY" GROUPS CONTAINING PEOPLE WE "KNOW OF" RATHER THAN THOSE WE "KNOW"

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LARGE SECONDARY GROUPS ORGANIZED TO ACHIEVE GOALS EFFICIENTLY ARE CALLED

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FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

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A MAXIMUM-SECURITY PRISON IS ONE EXAMPLE OF A FORMAL ORGANIZATION THAT IS

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COERCIVE ORGANIZATIONS

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WHICH TYPE OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION DO PEOPLE TYPICALLY JOIN TO MAKE MONEY

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UTILITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS

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FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF PARENTS, WHAT TYPE OF FORMAL ORGANIZATION IS A SCHOOL'S PTA?

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NORMATIVE ORGANIZATIONS

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AN ORGANIZATIONAL MODEL RATIONALLY DESIGNED TO PERFORM TASKS EFFICIENTLY IS A

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BUREAUCRACY

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WHAT ARE THE TRAITS OF A BUREAUCRACY AS NOTED BY MAX WEBER

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SPECIALIZATION, HIERARCHY OF OFFICES, RULES AND REGULATIONS, TECHNICAL COMPETENCE IMPERSONALITY, AND FORMAL, WRITTEN COMMUNICATIONS

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MAX WEBER ARGUED THAT FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS, WHILE EFFICIENT, HAVE THE ABILITY TO BLANK PEOPLE WITHIN THEM

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ALIENATE

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THE EMERGENCY ROOM CLERK WHO KEEPS A BLEEDING PATIENT WAITING WHILE FILLING OUT EXTENSIVE PAPERWORK IS A CLASSIC EXAMPLE OF BUREAUCRATIC

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INEFFICIENCY

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THE TENDENCY OF BUREAUCRATIC ORGANIZATIONS TO PERPETUATE THEMSELVES--THAT IS, TO KEEP THEMSELVES GOING--IS CALLED

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BUREAUCRATIC INERTIA

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WHICH CONCEPT REFERS TO THE RULE OF THE MANY BY THE FEW

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OLIGARCHY

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WHAT DO WE LEARN FROM ROSABETH MOSS KANTER'S RESEARCH ABOUT U.S. ORGANIZATIONS

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THAT BY EXCLUDING WOMEN AND MINORITIES FROMT HE WORK PLACE IGNORES THE TALENTS OF MORE THAN HALF THE POPULATION

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WHAT TRAITS HAVE BEEN DESCRIBED AS A "FEMALE ADVANTAGE"

answer

WOMEN HAVE BETTER COMMUNICATION SKILLS, FLEXIBLE LEADERS, EMPHASIZE THE INTERCONNECTEDNESS OF ALL ORGANIZATIONAL OPERATIONS

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WHAT TRAIT DID WILLIAM OUCHI'S INCLUDE IN HIS DESCRIPTION OF FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS IN JAPAN DURING THE 1980S.

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HIRED WORKERS IN GROUPS, HIRED WORKERS FOR LIFE, TRAINED WORKERS IN ALL PHASES OF OPERATIONS, "QUALITY CIRCLES", PROVIDED HOME MORTGAGES, SPONSORING RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES, SCHEDULING SOCIAL EVENTS

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IN GENERAL, U.S. AND JAPANESE FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS HAVE DIFFERED BECAUSE

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U.S. EMPHASIZES INDIVIDUALISM WHILE THE JAPANESE VALUE COOPERATION

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NAME THREE WAYS IN WHICH TODAY'S BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS IN THE U.S. DIFFER FROM THOSE A CENTURY AGO

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CREATIVE FREEDOM, COMPETITIVE WORK TEAMS, AND A FLATTER ORGANIZATIONS

question

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPLES OF MCDONALDIZATION

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EFFICIENCY PREDICTABILITY UNIFORMITY CONTROL

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WHAT COMES CLOSEST TO THE CORRECT VIEW OF THE ROLE OF BIOLOGY IN CAUSING PEOPLE TO COMMIT CRIMES

answer

BIOLOGICAL THEORY: BIOLOGICAL FACTORS MAY HAVE A REAL BUT SMALL EFFECT IN CAUSING SOME PEOPLE TO COMMIT CRIMES

question

EMILE DURKHEIM'S BASIC INSIGHT IS THAT DEVIANCE IS

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A NECESSARY ELEMENT OF SOCIAL ORGANIZATION, SERVING SEVERAL IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

question

NAME THE FUNCTIONS OF DEVIANCE NOTED BY EMILE DURKHEIM

answer

DEVIANCE AFFIRMS CULTURAL VALUES AND NORMS RESPONDING TO DEVIANCE CLARIFIES MORAL BOUNDARIES RESPONDING TO DEVIANCE BRINGS PEOPLE TOGETHER DEVIANCE ENCOURAGES SOCIAL CHANGE

question

WHAT CONCEPT IS USED IN ROBERT MERTON'S STRAIN THEORY OF DEVIANCE TO REFER TO THE PROCESS OF SEEKING CONVENTIONAL GOALS BUT REJECTING CONVENTIONAL MEANS TO GET THERE

answer

INNOVATION

question

IN HIS STRAIN THEORY, ROBERT MERTON WOULD USE WHAT CONCEPT TO DESCRIBE PEOPLE, INCLUDING ALCOHOLICS AND DRUG ADDICTS, WHO "DROP-OUT"

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RETREATISM

question

IN ROBERT MERTON'S STRAIN THEORY, WHAT CONCEPT CORRECTLY DESCRIBES A PERSON WHO GETS RICH BY COMMITTING FRAUD WHILE WORKING AT A BANK

answer

RITUALISM/INNOVATION

question

IN HIS STRAIN THEORY, ROBERT MERTON USES WHAT CONCEPT TO DESCRIBE THE BEHAVIOR OF A RADICAL WHO REJECTS CULTURAL GOALS AND MEANS IN FAVOR OF SOME ALTERNATIVE SYSTEM

answer

REBELLION

question

USING ROBERT MERTON'S STRAIN THEORY, WHAT CONCEPT CORRECTLY DESCRIBES THE BEHAVIOR OF A LOW-PAID, YET COMPULSIVELY CONFORMING BANK TELLER

answer

CONFORMITY

question

IN HIS SUBCULTURAL THEORY OF DEVIANCE, WALTER MILLER CLAIMED THAT STREET CRIMINALITY IS MOST COMMON AMONG

answer

LOWER-CLASS YOUTH

question

THE BASIC IDEA BEHIND LABELING THEORY IS THAT

answer

DEVIANCE AND CONFORMITY RESULT NOT SO MUCH FROM WHAT PEOPLE DO AS FROM HOW OTHERS RESPOND TO THOSE ACTIONS

question

EDWIN SUTHERLAND'S DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY LINKS DEVIANCE TO

answer

THE AMOUNT OF CONTACT WITH OTHERS WHO ENCOURAGE OR REJECT CONVENTIONAL BEHAVIOR (LEARNED BEHAVIOR)

question

TRAVIS HIRSCHI'S CONTROL THEORY SUGGESTS WHAT CATEGORY OF PEOPLE WOULD BE MOST LIKELY TO ENGAGE IN DEVIANCE

answer

PEOPLE'S ANTICIPATING THE CONSEQUENCES OF THEIR BEHAVIOR

question

ACCORDING TO THE SOCIAL-CONFLICT APPROACH, WHAT A SOCIETY LABELS AS DEVIANT IS BASED MOSTLY ON

answer

POWER, COMPETITION, AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY

question

ALEXANDER LIAZOS SPEAKS FOR THE SOCIAL-CONFLICT APPROACH WHEN HE STATES THAT

answer

THE PEOPLE WE TEND TO DEFINE AS DEVIANTS-THE ONES WE DISMISS AS "NUTS" AND "SLUTS"- ARE TYPICALLY NOT THOSE WHO ARE BAD OR HARMFUL AS MUCH AS THEY ARE POWERLESS

question

"SOCIAL STRATIFICATION" IS A CONCEPT THAT REFERS TO

answer

A SYSTEM BY WHICH A SOCIETY RANKS CATEGORIES OF PEOPLE IN A HIERARCHY

question

COMPARING A NUMBER OF SOCIETIES IN HISTORY AND AROUND THE WORLD, WE SEE THAT SOCIAL STRATIFICATION MAY INVOLVE DIFFERENCE IN

answer

INEQUALITY, DIALECT AND AGE

question

IN WHAT SHARE OF THE WORLD'S SOCIETIES DO WE NOT FIND SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

answer

IN MOST, POVERTY

question

A CASTE SYSTEM IS DEFINED AS

answer

A SOCIAL STRATIFICATION BASED ON ASCRIPTION, OR BIRTH

question

THE CONCEPT "MERITOCRACY" REFERS TO SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

answer

BASED ON PERSONAL MERIT

question

WHY DO CLASS SYSTEMS RETAIN SOME CASTE-LIKE QUALITIES, RATHER THAN BECOMING COMPLETE MERITOCRACIES

answer

TO PROMOTE PRODUCTIVITY AND EFFICIENCY; BUT AT THE SAME TIME, THEY KEEP CASTE ELEMENT, SUCH AS FAMILY LOYALTY, TO MAINTAIN ORDER AND SOCIAL UNITY

question

IN ENGLISH HISTORY, THE HEREDITARY NOBILITY OWNED MOST OF

answer

THE LAND

question

IN ENGLISH HISTORY, THE CONCEPT "PRIMOGENITURE" REFERS TO

answer

REQUIRING THAT ALL PROPERTY PASS TO THE OLDEST SON OR OTHER MALE RELATION

question

THE CASTE HISTORY OF GREAT BRITAIN IS STILL EVIDENT TODAY IN THE IMPORTANCE PEOPLE THERE ATTACH TO

answer

ROYALTY

question

AT THE TOP OF THE SYSTEM OF INEQUALITY IN THE FORMER SOVIET UNION WERE THE

answer

HIGH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS, SOVIET INTELLIGENTS

question

IN RECENT DECADES A NEW CLASS HAS EMERGED IN CHINA, WHICH IS THE

answer

MIXTURE BETWEEN OLD POLITICAL HIERARCHY AND A NEW BUSINESS HIERARCHY

question

ACCORDING TO THE DAVIS-MOORE THESIS THE REASON THERE IS SOCIAL INEQUALITY IS

answer

BECAUSE IT IS BENEFICIAL FOR SOCIETY

question

DAVIS AND MOORE POINT OUT THAT AN EGALITARIAN SOCIETY COULD EXIST BUT

answer

ONLY ON THE EXTENT THAT PEOPLE ARE WILLING TO LET ANYONE PERFORM ANY JOB

question

ACCORDING TO DAVIS AND MOORE, INEQUALITY PROMOTES PRODUCTIVITY BY

answer

REWARDING IMPORTANT WORK WITH INCOME, PRESTIGE, POWER, OR LEISURE ENCOURAGES PEOPLE TO DO THESE THINGS AND TO WORK BETTER, LONGER, AND HARDER

question

FOLLOWING KARL MARX'S ANALYSIS, WE WOULD EXPECT TO FIND ALIENATION AMONG WHICH CATEGORY OF PEOPLE

answer

PROLETARIANS

question

MARX PREDICTED THE EVENTUAL VICTORY AND DOMINANCE OF WHICH SOCIAL CLASS

answer

THE WORKING MAJORITY CLASSLESS SYSTEM

question

ACCORDING TO KARL MARX, DIFFERENCES IN WEALTH AND POWER BETWEEN THE CAPITALISTS AND PROLETARIANS LEADS TO

answer

CLASS CONFLICT

question

WHILE THE DAVIS AND MOORE THESIS SUGGESTS "TO EACH ACCORDING TO THE IMPORTANCE OF ONE'S WORK," KARL MARX SUPPORTED THE IDEA

answer

THE PROLETARIANS HAVE NOTHING TO LOSE BU THEIR CHAINS. THEY HAVE A WORLD TO WIN

question

WHY HAS NO SOCIAL REVOLUTION TAKE PLACE IN THE US AS KARL MARX PREDICTED

answer

CAPITALISM IS STILL THRIVING

question

KARL MARX BELIEVED THAT SOCIALISM WOULD END SOCIAL STRATIFICATION BY ABOLISHING PRIVATE PROPERTY WHAT WAS WEBER'S VIES

answer

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION AS INVOLVING THREE DISTINCT DIMENSIONS OF INEQUALITY

question

ACCORDING TO SIMON KUZNETS, IN WHICH TYPE OF SOCIETY IS SOCIAL STRATIFICATION GREATEST

answer

HIGH-INCOME NATIONS THAT HAVE PASSED THROUGH THE INDUSTRIAL ERA AGRARIAN

question

EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT, AS THE US MOVES INTO THE POST-INDUSTRIAL PHASE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, ECONOMIC INEQUALITY IS

answer

INCOME

question

LOOKING AROUND THE WORLD TODAY, INCOME INEQUALITY IS GREATEST IN WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REGIONS

answer

LATIN AMERICA AND AFRICA

question

ACCORDING TO THE US GOVERNMENT THE MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME IN 2006 WAS

answer

58,407

question

THE HIGHEST-EARNING 20 PERCENT OF ALL US FAMILIES ACCOUNT FOR WHAT PERCENTAGE OF ALL INCOME

answer

48.5 %

question

IN THE US THE WEALTHIEST 20 PERCENT OF FAMILIES OWN ABOUT HOW MUCH OF THE COUNTRY'S PRIVATELY OWNED WEALTH

answer

85%

question

THE WEALTHIEST 1 PERCENT OF US FAMILIES CONTROL ABOUT WHAT SHARE OF THE NATION'S PRIVATELY HELD WEALTH

answer

35%

question

THE LOWEST-RANKING 40 PERCENT OF US FAMILIES HAS ABOUT

answer

NO WEALTH AT ALL, THEY VIRTUALLY ALL LIVE IN DEBT

question

AS OF 2006 IN THE US ABOUT WHAT SHARE OF ADULTS OVER THE AGE OF TWENTY-FIVE WERE COLLEGE GRADUATES

answer

28%

question

ABOUT WHAT SHARE OF THE RICHEST PEOPLE IN THE US GAINED THEIR FORTUNES MOSTLY FROM INHERITANCE

answer

ONE-THIRD

question

POPULAR AUTHOR J.K. ROWLING HAS EARNED A FORTUNE WITH HER BOOKS. ROWLING IS A MEMBER OF WHICH SOCIAL CLASS

answer

LOWER-UPPERS

question

ABOUT WHAT SHARE OF THE US POPULATION IS OFFICIALLY COUNTED BY THE GOVERNMENT AS POOR

answer

36 MILLION OR 12.3 PERCENT OF POPULATION

question

PEOPLE OF LOW SOCIAL POSITION ARE MORE LIBERAL ON BLANK ISSUES AND MORE CONSERVATIVE ON BLANK ISSUES

answer

ECONOMIC SOCIAL

question

THE INCOME OF AFRICAN AMERICANS IN THE US

answer

62 PERCENT

question

IN TERMS OF RACE, TWO-THIRDS OF ALL POOR PEOPLE IN THE US ARE

answer

WHITE

question

THE "FEMINIZATION OF POVERTY" REFERS TO THE FACT THAT, IN THE US

answer

THE TREND OF WOMEN MAKING UP AN INCREASING PROPORTION OF THE POOR

question

THE ANTHROPOLOGIST OSCAR LEWIS SUGGESTED THE CAUSE OF POVERTY LIES IN

answer

A CULTURE OF POVERTY, A LOWER-CLASS SUBCULTURE THAT CAN DESTROY PEOPLE'S AMBITION TO IMPROVE THEIR LIVES

question

SOCIOLOGIST WILLIAM JULIUS WILSON SUGGESTS THE CAUSE OF POVERTY LIES IN

answer

THAT SOCIETY IS PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE FOR POVERTY

question

GOVERNMENT DATA SHOW THAT ABOUT WHAT SHARE OF THE HEADS OF POOR HOUSEHOLDS IN THE US DID NOT WORK AT ALL IN THE LAST YEAR

answer

18%

question

ROUGH ESTIMATES SUGGEST THAT ABOUT BLANK PEOPLE IN THE US ARE HOMELESS FOR SOME TIME IN A GIVEN YEAR

answer

754,000 (PEOPLE LIVING IN SHELTERS, TRANSITIONALLY HOUSE, AND ON THE STREET) 3 MILLION (PEOPLE HOMELESS FOR AT LEAST ONE NIGHT IN A GIVEN YEAR)

Sociology – Leadership – Flashcards

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