Chapter 5 – Quiz – Flashcards
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A person's average body mass index (BMI) is the lowest at the ages of _____. A) 1 to 2 B) 5 to 6 C) 9 to 10 D) 13 to 14
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b
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Between the ages of 2 and 6, a child's appetite _____. A) increases slightly B) increases dramatically C) stays the same D) decreases
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d
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Alden is beginning to learn how to write. He can hold a pencil in one hand and steady the paper with his other hand. This new ability to coordinate the duties of his right and left hands is likely due to _____. A) the growth of his corpus callosum B) his arms and legs growing longer C) his brain's lateralization D) adequate calcium in his diet
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a
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*The number of people who claim to be left-handed in the United States and Great Britain has ____ since 1900. A) increased B) decreased C) remained the same D) become equal to rates of right-handedness
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a
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Steven, a 6-year-old, can correctly name objects, catch a ball and throw it, and write his ABCs in proper sequence. His younger brother Harvey is much less speedy and skillful in all of these areas. What is the best explanation for Steven's superior performance? A) Steven most likely eats healthier foods than Harvey. B) Steven's brain has experienced greater myelination than Harvey's. C) Steven's frontal cortex is less mature than Harvey's. D) Steven has fewer dendrites than Harvey.
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b
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Lin is able to play "Go Fish," a card game that requires quick thinking. What brain change most directly supports his ability to think quickly? A) hypothalamic functioning B) myelination C) frontal cortex maturation D) development of new axons
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b
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Nicoli suffered a stroke in the left hemisphere of his brain. Which of the following skills is most likely to have been affected? A) speech B) face recognition C) emotion processing D) location in space
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a
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During a long car trip, Lex and Nicole asked "Are we there yet?" so many times that their father became irritated. His children were exhibiting _____. A) impulsiveness B) emotional regulation C) perseveration D) habituation
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c
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The amygdala is a brain structure that registers _____. A) body temperature B) emotions C) speech perception D) memories
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b
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The hippocampus is a structure in the brain that processes _____. A) language B) coordination C) memories D) emotions
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c
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Rose and her mother were shopping for a birthday gift for Rose's older brother. "How about this? My brother would love it!" Rose exclaimed, showing her mother a pink and purple toy horse with flowing mane and tail. Beverly's belief that her teenage brother would enjoy a toy that she herself would enjoy is an example of _____. A) static reasoning B) egocentrism C) irreversibility D) conservatism
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b
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*Seeing his third-grade teacher in the grocery store shocks Armand because he is used to seeing her only in school. This is likely due to Armand's _____. A) static reasoning B) abstract reasoning C) concrete thinking D) irreversibility
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a
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*When children assume that the world is unchanging, they are engaging in _____. A) magical thinking B) static reasoning C) centration D) a focus on appearance
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b
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Daryl has a ball of Silly Putty. His 6-year-old son, Mason, watches as Daryl flattens the Silly Putty into a thin "pancake." When Daryl asks Mason if there is now more Silly Putty, Mason replies "Yes" because he has _____. A) an understanding of scaffolding B) not mastered the concept of conservation C) an understanding of object permanence D) demonstrated fast-mapping
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b
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A child is shown two identical tall containers, both half-filled with water. The contents of one container are then poured into a short, wide container. If the child states that both containers still have the same amount, then the child understands the concept of _____. A) classification B) conservation C) centration D) transformation
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b
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Which is an example of scaffolding? A) David helps his son build a model airplane by assembling it while his son watches. B) Howard and Priscilla buy a Wii game system for their 5-year-old daughter Rebecca. They set it up for her and then allow her to figure out how to turn it on and use it. C) Richard buys a do-it-yourself kite kit for his 6-year-old daughter Angela. He lays all of the pieces out for her and then allows her to read the instructions and follow them herself. D) Miriam helps her son Ben to make cookies. She measures all the ingredients out and places them on the counter in small bowls. She reads the recipe aloud as Ben places the ingredients in the bowl and mixes them together with a spoon.
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d
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Which capability is demonstrated when young children imitate adult actions that are irrelevant, time-consuming, and inefficient? A) observing B) scaffolding C) modeling D) overimitation
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d
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*According to theory-theory, why do children imitate irrelevant adult behaviors? A) They mindlessly copy everything adults do. B) They theorize that the irrelevant behavior must be important. C) They theorize that the adult will reward them for correct imitation. D) They derive pleasure from correctly imitating behaviors of all sorts.
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b
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A child's ability to add new vocabulary words very quickly is called _____. A) fast-mapping B) word mapping C) mental language D) word charting
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a
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Four-year-old Yvonne is putting on her shoes and says, "I need to put my shoes on my foots." She is exhibiting _____. A) pragmatics B) executive function C) theory of mind D) overregularization
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d
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Neuroscience has proven true which statement about young bilingual children? A) Even though both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals are able to activate one language and temporarily inhibit the other. B) Different languages reside in different areas of the brain, thus allowing a bilingual individual to activate only one area at a time. C) Bilingual individuals of any age have difficulty with keeping the two languages totally separate when speaking. D) Since both languages reside in the same area of the brain, bilingual individuals consciously inhibit one language while speaking the other.
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a
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Demetrius's family recently immigrated to the United States from the Ukraine. After he attended kindergarten, his parents noticed that his English was more fluent than his native language. Demetrius was exhibiting _____. A) a language shift B) accelerated bilingualism C) a vocabulary explosion D) linguistic egocentrism
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a
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Preschool programs are called "child-centered" when they stress children's _____. A) gross motor skills B) fine motor skills C) development and growth D) language development
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c
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Sunnymont Preschool has plenty of opportunities for the children to play dress-up, dance, build with blocks, finger-paint, and be creative. Sunnymont is most likely a _____ program. A) Vygotsky-based B) child-centered C) teacher-directed D) bilingual
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b
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Learning Circle Preschool emphasizes individual pride and achievement while focusing on teaching young children literacy-related tasks. Learning Circle's approach seems to most closely resemble a(n) _____ program. A) intervention B) Montessori C) Reggio Emilia D) bilingual
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b
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The center of gravity in a 6-year-old drops from the breast to the belly, enabling many motor skills. A) True B) False
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a
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Too much sugar and too little fiber cause tooth decay in childhood. A) True B) False
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a
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The part of the brain that specializes in planning and prioritizing is the prefrontal cortex. A) True B) False
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a
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Myelination is essential for basic communication between neurons. A) True B) False
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b
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Impulsiveness and perseveration are opposite behaviors with the same underlying cause. A) True B) False
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a
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Vygotsky's followers believe in scaffolding, a learning process that involves mentors who guide the child. A) True B) False
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a
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A theory of mind is one's own personal understanding of the complex interaction among emotions, perceptions, thoughts, and intentions in oneself and others. A) True B) False
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a
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Children display evidence of fast-mapping before the age of 1. A) True B) False
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b
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It is always better for a young child to attend preschool than to be home with a parent. A) True B) False
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b
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Reggio Emilia programs emphasize formal classroom instruction by the teacher. A) True B) False
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b
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The executive function area of the brain where planning, prioritizing, and reasoning occur is called the _____.
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prefrontal cortex
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The left side of the brain controls the _____ side of the body.
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right
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*The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called _____.
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animism
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Three-year-old Joss does not want to eat the sandwich his mother made because it has mustard on it. His mother wipes off the mustard, but Joss still will not eat it. This characteristic of preoperational thought, in which the child feels that a thing cannot be undone or restored, is known as _____.
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irreversibility
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*The process by which one person learns from another, more experienced mentor as they share social experiences and explorations is known as _____.
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guided participation
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*The child who says, "I seed the dog," or "My tooths hurt," is demonstrating a language error called _____.
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overregularization
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*Jace designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that enable groups of children to learn from one another. Her classroom shows the influence of _____, who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults.
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vygotsky
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Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who believed that children can learn much from other children with the guidance of adults.
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vygotsky
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In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also influenced by _____, who believed that each child is capable of discovering new ideas.
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piaget
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The federally funded early-childhood education program that was started in 1965 to help foster better health and cognition in disadvantaged children before first grade is called _____.
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Head Start
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*Explain the functions of the prefrontal cortex and limbic system in early childhood. What changes occur in a child's behavior as a result of the maturing limbic system and prefrontal cortex?
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The prefrontal cortex is the executive of the brain, essential to planning, reasoning, and anticipating. The limbic system controls the expression and regulation of emotions and processes memory. As the prefrontal cortex matures, the child's ability to plan increases and impulsiveness decreases. As the limbic system matures, memory improves while nightmares and irrational fears decrease.
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*Explain the concept of animism. Give two examples of how children demonstrate this concept.
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Animism is a child's belief that inanimate objects are alive and that nonhuman objects or animals have the same human characteristics as the child. For example, a child may believe that a doll has emotions, that her pet cat thinks like she does, or that the chair on which she stubbed her toe did it to her on purpose.
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*Explain the difference between Piaget's concept of egocentrism and the concept of egocentrism in everyday usage. Give an example of each of the two different usages.
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Egocentrism in Piagetian terminology means that young children assume that everyone else experiences and perceives the world exactly as they do. For example, a child may buy a gift for his mother that he actually wants; he believes that she will be delighted with it because he would be. In everyday usage, the word egocentrism is synonymous with being selfish or concerned only with oneself. For example, an egocentric adult will assume that because he likes to have music blaring from his speakers, his neighbors are enjoying his loud music, too.
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*What is conservation? Describe an example of a conservation task, noting the initial presentation of the material, the transformation of the material, and the questions that children are asked. What is a preoperational child's response?
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Conservation is the understanding that the amount of something remains the same despite changes in its appearance. For example, one test of conservation begins with two identical glasses containing the same amount of a liquid. The liquid from one glass is then poured into a taller, narrower glass. The child is then asked whether one glass contains more liquid or if both glasses contain the same amount of liquid. Children who are in the preoperational stage of cognitive development will believe that the taller glass contains more liquid.
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*Explain and discuss the process of fast-mapping and the related idea of logical extension. Give an example of each concept.
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Both fast-mapping and logical extension refer to the surge in a child's learning of perceptual interrelationships among words. Fast-mapping refers to the phenomenon by which young children develop an interconnected set of categories for words, a kind of mental map, which makes speedy vocabulary acquisition possible. Fast- mapping speeds the development of learning new words because children immediately assign a new word to one of the categories in their mental language grid. Thus, the first time a child sees a pet ferret, he may assign it the status of a type of dog or a kind of cat because he does not have a weasel concept. The child's understanding of the new word is not always precise. Children refine their understanding through use and experience. Logical extension refers to a child applying a newly learned word to another related object. A young girl who was just read a story about a Dalmatian dog may then refer to a black-and-white cow as a Dalmatian cow.
