End of Course US History Vocabulary (Industrialization–WWI) – Flashcards
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Free Enterprise System (Industrialization)
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Individuals are free to produce and sell whatever products they wish
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Interstate Commerce Act
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Prohibited unfair practices by railroads such as charging higher rates for shorter routes
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Laissez-Faire
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Theory that the government should not interfere in the operation of the free market
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Thomas Edison
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Inventor best kown for his invention of the electric light bulb
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Bessemer Process
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Process which made steel stronger, more affordable and profitable
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John D Rockefeller
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Made his fortune refining oil; founded Standard Oil
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Corporation
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A company chartered by a state and recognized in law as a separate person
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National Market
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Linked goods and services through technology and transportation making commerce more affordable
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Transcontinental Railroad
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Completed in 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah making it possible to travel by land to California
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Union
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Organized workers act as a group, not as an individual, to leverage for better working conditions
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Knights of Labor
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Hoped to create a single national union of skilled and unskilled workers, demanding an 8 hour work day, safety codes, better pay, and organized strikes to get companies to grant demands
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Child Labor
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Often used to move, clean, or fix large machines since they were small enough to fit between parts
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Gospel of Wealth
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Theory that rich were obligated to help communities by giving back in the form of libraries, school, and universities, but not giving directly to individuals
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Andrew Carnegie
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Scottish immigrant who made his fortune in steel making, known for "Gospel of Wealth"
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Alexander Bell
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Inventor known for the telephone and the company that later became AT&T
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Philanthropy
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Act of "Charitable giving"
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Monopoly
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Complete control of a product or service; the elimination of fair competition
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Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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Designed to prevent companies from engaging in unfair practices that eliminated fair competition
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Social Darwinism
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Economic philosophy based on the "Survival of the Fittest"--Justified millionares
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Jacob Riis
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Wrote "How The Other Half Lives" describing the deplorable conditions of the cities
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Klondike Gold Rush
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In 1896, miners were attracted to this area by the discovery of precious metals
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American Indian Citizenship Act (1924)
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Made all Indians citizen of the United States
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Tenement
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Single room apartments often without heating, lighting, or sewage
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Political Machine
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Corrupt city government officials promising to provide services and jobs in exchange for votes
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Immigration
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Primary reason for the growth in US cities by the early 1900s, doubling the number of US cities with population in excess of 500,000
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Ellis Island
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Vast government center in New York City where most immigrants were processed into the US
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Cattle Drive
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Movement by cowboys of cattle to rail stations in the north to connect to markets in the east
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Ghettos
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Neighborhoods made up of people of similar nationality, language, and cultural characteristics
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New Immigrants
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Mostly from Southern and Eastern Europe; mostly Catholic and Jewish
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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First federal law restricting Asian immigration to the US
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Push/Pull Factors
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War, Famine, Drought, Economic Opportunity, Education, etc
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Wounded Knee
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Closing event of the plains Indians; destruction of a way of life
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Homestead Act
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1862 law divided reservation into individual plots, each family received 160 acres to farm hoping to establish pride in ownership; given to citizens who met certain requirements and paid a small fee
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Assimilation
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Process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture
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Urbanization
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Growth of large cities
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Americanization
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Learning to dress, speak, and act like other Americans
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Nativists
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Favoring native born Americans over immigrants
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16th Amendment
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Required Americans to pay an income tax
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Square Deal
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Aimed at correcting the political and social injustices resulting from industrialization
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Tariff
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Tax on imported goods
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Settlement House
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An all-purpose community center for poor people living in crowded cities
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Muckrakers
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Reporters, writers, and social scientists exposed the abuses of industrial society and government corruption
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Populist Party
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A new national political party representing the "common man"--farmers, industrial workers, and miners, proposing an 8 hour work day, progressive income tax, government ownership of railroads, and free silver
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Free Silver
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Unlimited coinage of silver to increase money supply
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18th Amendment
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Prohibition of the sale, manufacture, or transport of alcohol
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Jane Addams
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Progressive reformer known for establishing the Hull House
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Ida B Wells
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Social reformer that organized a national anti-lynching crusade
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Social Gospel Movement
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Called for social reforms such as a duty of Christians to enhance the lives of the less fortunate
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William Jennings Bryant
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Democratic candidate in the election of 1896; gained support of the populist party for his "Cross of Gold" speech
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Pure Food and Drug Act
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Protected consumer's health and welfare by insuring quality products
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Upton Sinclair
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Muckraker that wrote of the abuses in the meat packing industry in "The Jungle"
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Recall Election
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Elected officials could be removed from office by special election
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17th Amendment
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Allows for the direct election of Senators
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Progressive Movement
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Teddy Roosevelt's progressive legislative program aimed at protecting the public health and preventing false claims by business owners
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19th Amendment
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Government cannot deny the right to vote based on gender
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Meat Inspection Act
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Direct result of the book "The Jungle"
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Federal Reserve Act
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Created government agency that controls monetary policy
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Referendum
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Process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature; allows voters to introduce bills directly to the legislature
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WEB DeBois
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African-American reformer that co-founded the NAACP
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Theodore Roosevelt
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Progressive president known as the trust buster, identifying compaies as good trusts and bad trusts
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Temperance Movement Initiative
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Movement led mostly by women like Francis Willard to eliminate alcohol
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Booker T Washington
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Proposed that Africa-Americans achieve equality gradually through job training and education and founded the Tuskegee Institute
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Woodrow Wilson
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Democrat elected President in 1912 as a result of a split in the Republican Party (Bull Moose Party)
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William H Taft
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Succeeded Roosevelt as President, followed many of his trust-busting policies
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Monroe Doctorine
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Policy that prevented Europeans from establishing colonies in the Western Hemisphere
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Rough Riders
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Group of volunteers led by Teddy Roosevelt; gained fame in the Spanish-American War
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Sanford Dole
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First governor of Hawaii, led group of plantation owers to overthrow the queen
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Foreign Policy
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Consists of a country's policies toward other nations
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Yellow Journalism
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Sensationalized events in Cuba by American newspapers eager for war with Spain
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DeLome Letter
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Letter written by Spaish official claiming President McKinley was weak
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San Juan Hill
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Famous turing point American victory in Spanish-American War
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Spanish-American War
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Fought on two fronts, in the Carribean and the Pacific against the Spanish Empire
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Alfred T Mahan
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Argued that to achieve world power, a country needed a powerful Navy
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Yellow Fever
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Mosquito borne illness responsible for thousands of deaths in Panama Canal Zone
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Dollar Diplomacy
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Presidet Taft's foreign policy toward Latin America advocating investment
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USS Maine
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Mysteriously exploded in Havana Harbor
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Queen Liliuokalai
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Said Hawaii should be led and controlled by Hawaiians, later to surrender to America
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Protectorate
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Annexed territory under control of the United States
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Dr. William Gorgas
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Responsible for eliminating breeding areas for mosquitos, thus helping to control the spread of Yellow Fever
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Panama Canal
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Completed in 1914, connecting the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans
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Platt Amendment
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Asserted the US's right to intervene in Cuban affairs at any time
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Open Door Policy
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Gave equal trading rights to all countries in China
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Big Stick Diplomacy
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Roosevelt boasted he would "speak softly and carry a big stick"
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John J Pershing
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Leader of the American Expeditionary Force sent to Mexico to hunt down the famous Mexican revolutionary, Pancho Villa
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John Hay
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US Secretary of State responsible for opening trade with China in the Open Door Policy
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Addtion to the Monroe Doctorine stating the US would intervene in the affiars of Caribbean nations as a police presence if necessary
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Imperialism
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The policy or practice of extending a nation's rule over other less powerful territories
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Henry Cabot Lodge
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Leading opponent of the US becoming involved in the League of Nations
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Archduke Franz Ferdinand
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Assassinated by a Serb national in Sarajevo
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Selective Service Act
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Allowed national government to draft men to serve in war
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Neutrality
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Policy of not taking sides in the conflict in Europe
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League of Nations
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International peace-keeping organization
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U-Boat
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German Submarines
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Alvin York
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Medal of Honor recipient for heroism in WWI
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Trench Warfare
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New and strange method of fighting, using poison gas and machine guns
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Sussex Pledge
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Germany promised not to sink any more ocean liners without prior warning or providing help to passengers
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Versailles Treaty
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Ended WWI with provisions that were considered very harsh on Germany and other defeated countries
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Battle of Argonne Forest
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Considered a major turning point in WWI, Germany was defeated
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American Expeditionary Force
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American fighting force in WWI led by John J Pershing
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Reparations
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Provision of the Versailles Treaty which made Germany pay for damages caused during the war
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Zimmerman Telegram
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Secret message from German foreign Minister to Mexico, promising to return lost territories to Mexico in exchange for an alliance
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Sedition and Espionage Acts
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Made it a crime to criticize American involvement in European conflict
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Woodrow Wilson
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Attempted to remain neutral, but eventually he was forced to ask Congress for a declaration of war on Europe
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Schenck vs US
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Supreme Court ruling limiting free speech when it poses a "clear and present danger"
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Lusitania
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British passenger ship was sunk by German submarine killing over 1000 people, including 128 Americans
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Fourteen Points
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Proposed by Wilson before the end of WWI as the basis for the peace in Europe which included a plan for the League of Nations
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Isolationism
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Policy after WWI of separating from affairs of other countries and turning their backs to Europe
