Human Geography Flashcard
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geodemography
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the study of the spatial variations among human populations, population geography, the study of the spatial and ecological aspects of population, including density, distribution, fertility, gender, living standard, health, age, nutrition, mortality, and mobility.
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population density
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measurement of population per unit area or per unit volume
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arithmetic density
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the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area. The figure is derived by dividing the population of the areal unit by the number of square kilometers or miles that make up the unit
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physiological density
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The number of people per unit of area of arable land.
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arable land
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land suited for agriculture
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crude birth rate
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the number of live births yearly per thousand people in a population
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factors influencing mortality
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factors influencing deaths in a population i.e. war, disease, poor healthcare
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total fertility rate
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the amount of babies born, The number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life
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replacement level
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2.4 children, the amount of children that need to be born in order for the population to remain the same, replace mother and father, and those who do not have offspring or die before they reproduce
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factors influencing fertility
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factors that influence amount of children per woman: education, freedom of women, advancement of society
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life expectancy
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The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions.
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infant mortality rate
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the amount of infa, the number of deaths in the first year of life for every 1,000 live births
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population pyramid
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a graph showing distribution of population by age and sex
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age-dependency ratio
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the number of people under the age of 15 and over the age of 65 as a proportion of the working-age population
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sex ratio
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the number of males per 100 females in a population
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demographic transition model
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4 stages showing progression of an area: pre-industrial, early industrial, mature industrial, post industrial
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population ecology
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The study of the impacts populations have on their environments as well as the ways in which environmental conditions affect people and their livelihoods.
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Thomas Malthus
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The inventor of Malthusian theory,, Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.
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Neo-Malthusians
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a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources. Pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth
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carrying capacity
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Ultimately, the population capacity that the Earth can support.
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Cornucopian theory
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A theory that the Earth's resources will not be used up, and human ingenuity will make it possible to expand the food supply
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food insecurity
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when physical and financial access to food is threatened
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migration
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the movement of people from one place to another
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emigration
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movement out of somewhere
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immigration
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movement into somewhere
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demographic equation
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a technique for measuring population change in a region over a specified period of time by adding population growth through natural increase and net migration to the population at the start of the time period being examined.
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forced migration
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a situation in which a person, group, government, or other entity insists that another individual or group must relocate. the people being forced to move have no say about when they are moving, where they are moving, or the conditions of the move.
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voluntary migration
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a long term or permanent move that stems from choice
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Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
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laws of migration: most migrations cover short distances and do not cross int. boundaries migrants moving to towns and cities create gaps filled by other migrants migration involves dispersion and absorption migration flows produce counterflows urban areas are common destinations of long-distance migrants urban residents are less likely to migrate than rural residents women migrate inside of country, men migrate outside of country gender differences in migration
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push factors
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unfavorable conditions or aspects of a place that encourage migration
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pull factors
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favorable conditions or attributes of a place that attract migrants
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Lee's migration theory
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there are push and pull factors to migration. there are also personal and intervening factors
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N. America migration patterns
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authorized immigrants
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In the US, legal and permanent residents, green card holders
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unauthorized immigrants
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people who enter a country without proper documents
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Latin American migration pattern
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European migration pattern
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refugees
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people who are forced to or choose to flee another country out of concern for personal safety or to avoid persecution
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asylum
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protection from persecution from one country guaranteed to a refugee by another country
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African migration pattern
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brain drain
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the migration of skilled professionals to another country, where they can obtain a higher paying job and a better quality of life
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internally displaced persons
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people forcibly driven out of their homes and into another part of the country
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Asian migration pattern
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human trafficking
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the forced or inappropriate recruitment of people for work in exploitative conditions, such as child soldiers or prostitutes
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transnationalism
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involves an individual or a family that has national loyalty to more than one country (i.e. remittances, sending money back home)
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Malthus ratio
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population grows geometrically, food grows arithmetically
