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Acculturation

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the adoption of the behavior patterns of the surrounding culture

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Cultural adaptation

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Adjusting a translation based on the cultural environment of the target language

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Cultural ecology

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geographic approach that emphasizes human-environment relationships

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Cultural Landscape

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the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape

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Culture

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the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization

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Expansion diffusion

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the spread of an innovation or an idea through a population and the numbers of those influenced rapidly increase

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Hierarchial diffusion

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a form of diffusion in which an idea or innovation spreads by passing first among the most connected places or peoples down to others

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Contagious diffusion

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The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend throughout a population.

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Stimulus diffusion

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the spread of an underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected

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Relocation diffusion

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The spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another.

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Innovation adoption

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The diffusion of new ideas

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Sequent Occupance

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the notion that successive societies leave their cultural imprints on a place, each contributing to the cumulative cultural landscape

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Culture Trait

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A single element of normal practice in a culture, such as the wearing of a turban.

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Folk Culture

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Culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous, rural group living in relative isolation from other groups.

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Non-material Culture

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Human creations, such as values, norms, knowledge, systems of government, language, and so on, that are not embodied in physical objects

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Folklore

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the unwritten literature (stories and proverbs and riddles and songs) of a culture

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Neolocalism

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The seeking out of the regional culture and reinvigoration of it in response to the uncertainty of the modern world.

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Globalization

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The trend toward increased cultural and economic connectedness between people, businesses, and organizations throughout the world.

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Assimilation

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the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

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Cultural core

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Practices by which people organize their work and produce food and other goods necessary for their survival

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Cultural identity

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Ones belief in belonging to a group or certain cultural aspect. You can "identify with" a group or "identify against" a group (what you are, or what you are not).

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Cultural Realm

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The combination of the cultural traits that is in a group that spreads over an area.

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Culture Region

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an area in which people have many shared culture traits

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Maladaptive diffusion

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diffusion in which image takes precedence over practicality (ie. ranch style house)

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Culture Complex

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A related set of culture traits descriptive of one aspect of a society's behavior or activity (may be assoc. with religious beliefs or business practices).

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Independent Invention

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the term for a trait with many cultural hearths that developed independent of each other

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Popular Culture

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Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics.

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architecture

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the profession of designing buildings and environments with consideration for their esthetic effect

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Folk Food

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food that is tradtionally made by the common people of a region and forms part of their culture

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Time-space compression

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the social and psycological effects of living in a world in which time-space convergence has rapidly reached a high level of intensity

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Cultural appropriation

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The process by which cultures adopt customs and knowledge from other cultures and use them for their own benefit

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Creole

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a mother tongue that originates from contact between two languages

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Indo-European Languages

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are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia, and historically also predominant in Anatolia and Central Asia.

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Language

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A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

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Language Group

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A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary.

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Lingua Franca

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a common language used by speakers of different languages

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Monolingual

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using or knowing only one language

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Trade Language

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A language used between native speakers of different languages to allow them to communicate so that they can trade with each other.

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Dialect

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the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

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Isogloss

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A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate

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Language Family

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A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history.

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Language Subfamily

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a smaller group of related languages within a language family

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Linguistic Diversity

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a variety of languages used in an area.

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Official Language

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The language adopted for use by the government for the conduct of business and publication of documents.

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Toponymy

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The study of the origins and meaning of place-names.

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Accent

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the usage or vocabulary that is characteristic of a specific group of people

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Chain Migration

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Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there.

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Cultural shatterbelt

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a politically unstable region where differing cultural elements come into contact and conflict. Cultural clashes. for example, Indonesia with a background of multicultural, ethnicities and religions.

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Ethnic Conflict

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type of conflict that occurs when different tribes are lumped together to form a country

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Ethnic group

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people of the same race or nationality who share a distinctive culture

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Ethnic landscape

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landscape affected and varied by the ethnic group living there

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Ethnicity

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Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions.

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Ghetto

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a poor densely populated city district occupied by a minority ethnic group linked together by economic hardship and social restrictions

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Race

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people who are believed to belong to the same genetic stock

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Social Distance

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the perceived difference or similarity between oneself and another person

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Adaptive Strategy

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The unique way in which each culture uses it's particular physical environment; Those aspects of culture that serve to provide the necessities of life - Food, clothing, shelter, and defense

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Barrio

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an urban area in a Spanish-speaking country

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Cultural Adaptation

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The positive reaction where by the foreigner readily accepts the new culture as part of his life and practice.

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Ethnic Cleansing

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the mass expulsion and killing of one ethic or religious group in an area by another ethnic or religious group in that area

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Ethnic enclave

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a small area occupies by a distinctive minority culture

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Ethnic homeland

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the concept of the place (cultural geography) to which an ethnic group holds a long history and a deep cultural association with

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Ethnic neighborhood

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an area within a city containing members of the same ethnic background

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Ethnocentrism

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belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group

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Plural Society

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a society in which different cultural groups keep their own identity, beliefs, and traditions

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Segregation

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the separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

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Identity

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the individual characteristics by which a thing or person is recognized or known

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Dowry Death

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deaths of young women who are murdered or driven to suicide by continuous harassment and torture by husbands

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Gender

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the classification of being male or female

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Infanticide

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act of killing an infant

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Maternal mortality rate

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Number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth.

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Enfranchisement

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a statutory right or privilege granted to a person or group by a government (especially the rights of citizenship and the right to vote)

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Gender gap

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Difference in political views between men and women

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Longevity Gap

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difference in the average length of life between males and females

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Sunni and Shia

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Islamic faith is mainly separated into:

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Theocracy

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government run by religious leaders

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Zoroastrianism

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Persian religion founded by Zoroaster; taught that humans had the freedom to choose between right and wrong, and that goodness would triumph in the end

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Buddhism

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the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth

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Christianity

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a monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior

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Ethnic religion

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a religion identified with a particular ethnic group and largely exclusive to it

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Fundamentalism

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Literal interpretation and strict adherence to basic principles of a religion (or a religious branch, denomination, or sect).

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Hajj

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pilgrimage to Mecca; one of the Five Pillars of Islam

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Interfaith boundaries

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boundaries between the major religions

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Jainism

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a religion that branched off from Hinduism and was founded by Mahavira; its belief is that everything has a soul, and its purpose was to cleanse the soul. Some were extreme aesthetics.

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Landscapes of the dead

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The certain areas where people have commonly been buried. This is important to human geography because it has always been important where people are buried

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Mormonism

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This religion of the Church of Latter-Day Saints was founded by Joseph Smith in 1831. Smith led these people steadily westward during the early 1830s to escape religious persecution.

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Muslim population

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It is the religion of 1.3 billion people in the world. It is the predominant religion of the Middle East from North Africa to Central Asia. Half of the world's Muslims live in four countries outside the Middle East: Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India. It is important because Islam is one of the most popular religions practiced around the world.

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Reincarnation

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the Hindu or Buddhist doctrine that person may be reborn successively into one of five classes of living beings (god or human or animal or hungry ghost or denizen of hell) depending on the person's own actions

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Religious architectural styles

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These are the styles of architecture created by the religions. For example, Christians have always made temples, and Buddhists have always made a lot of religious statues. This is important to human geography because these styles affected most of the future styles for other civilizations.

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Religious culture hearth

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This is where most religions are born. Most major religions have come from the Middle East near Israel, but a few have come from India too. This is important to human geography because where religions are created, civilizations are too.

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Sacred Place

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a place that is dedicated to god

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Shamanism

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an animistic religion of northern Asia having the belief that the mediation between the visible and the spirit worlds is effected by shamans

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Shintoism

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Religion located in Japan and related to Buddhism. Shintoism focuses particularly on nature and ancestor worship.

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Denomination

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a church, independent of the state, that recognizes religious pluralism

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Taosim

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a religion that emphomized the important of living and inner peace.

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Universalizing religion

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A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location.

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Animism

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the belief that spirits are present in animals, plants, and other natural objects

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Cargo cult pilgrimage

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Cargo Cult's believe western goods have been traded to them by ancestral spirits. It takes place in Melanesia

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Confucianism

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The system of ethics, education, and statesmanship taught by Confucius and his disciples, stressing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony in thought and conduct.

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Exclave

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a part of a country that is seperated from the rest of the country and surrounded by foreign territory.

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Geomancy

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divination by means of signs connected with the earth

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Hinduism

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A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

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Islam

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the religion of Muslims collectively which governs their civilization and way of life

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Judaism

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the monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical principles embodied chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud

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Monotheism

answer

belief in a single God

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Muslim Pilgrimage

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If physically and financially able, a Muslim must make a pilgrimage to Makkah. (Mecca), referred to as Hajj.

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Proselytic religion

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Universalizing Religion, attempt to be global, to appeal to all people, wherever they may live in the world, not just to those of one culture or location

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Religion

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a system of beliefs and practices that attempts to order life in terms of culturally perceived ultimate priorities

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Religious conflict

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this is the conflicts between religions. One of these is Israel-Palestine. This consists of Roman Takeovers, Muslim conquests, and the crusades. This affects human geography because there has been a lot of bloodshed over Religious Conflict.

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Religious toponym

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This refers to the origin and meaning of the names of religions. This is important to HG because many names mean significant things including beliefs of cultures.

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Secularism

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The belief in material things instead of religious things. This was a shift away from Medieval thinking.

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Sharia law

answer

system of Islamic law that is based on the Quran

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Sikhism

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the doctrines of a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

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Polytheism

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belief in multiple Gods

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Mulitlingual

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speaking many languages

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Enclave

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an enclosed territory that is culturally distinct from the foreign territory that surrounds it

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Pidgin

answer

a simplified form of speech from combining different languages

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