question

(True or False) Private railroad companies built the transcontinental rail lines without the assistance of the federal government.

answer

False (The railroads received subsidies and land grants to build the rail lines.)

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(True or False) The expansion and prosperity of the railroad industry were often accompanied by rapid mergers, bankruptcies, and reorganizations.

answer

True

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(True or False) The railroads created an integrated national market, stimulated the growth in cities, and encouraged European immigration.

answer

True

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(True or False) Railroad owners were generally fair and honest in their dealings with shippers, the government, and the public.

answer

False (Railroads were often unfair and corrupt in their dealings with shippers, the government, and the public.)

question

(True or False) The early federal efforts at railroad regulation were weak, but they did bring some order and stability to industrial competition.

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True

question

(True or False) The Rockefeller oil company technique of "horizontal integration" involved combining into one organization all the phases of manufacturing from the raw material to the customer.

answer

False (The description applies to Carnegie's technique of "vertical integration." Rockefeller's "horizontal integration" meant consolidating with competitors in the same market.)

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(True or False) Rockefeller, Morgan, and others organized monopolistic trusts and "interlocking directorates" in order to consolidate business and eliminate cutthroat competition.

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True

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(True or False) Corporations effectively used the Fourteenth Amendment and sympathetic court rulings to prevent much effective government regulations of their activities.

answer

True

question

(True or False) The proindustrial ideology of the "new South" enabled that region to make rapid economic gains by 1900.

answer

False (The South remained poor and dependent, despite the "new South.")

question

(True or False) Two new inventions that brought large numbers of women into industry were the typewriter and the telephone.

answer

True

question

(True or False) Industrialization generally gave the industrial wage earner greater status and control over his or her own life.

answer

False (Industrialization gave the wage earner less control and status.)

question

(True or False) The impact of new machines and mass immigration held down wages and advantaged employers over labor.

answer

True

question

(True or False) The Knights of Labor organized skilled and unskilled workers, blacks and whites, women and men.

answer

True

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(True or False) The Knights of Labor were severely hurt by the Haymarket Square episode, even though they had no connection with the bombing.

answer

True

question

(True or False) The American Federation of skilled Labor succeeded by concentrating on skilled, white, male craft workers and generally ignoring unskilled, female, and black workers.

answer

True

question

(Multiple Choice) The federal government contributed to the building of the national rail network by a) importing substantial numbers of Chinese immigrants to build the railroads. b) providing free grants of federal land to the railroad companies. c) building and operating the first transcontinental rail lines. d) transporting the mail and other federal shipments over the rail lines.

answer

b

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(Multiple Choice) The most efficient and public-minded of the early railroad-building industrialists was a) Collis P. Huntington. b) Leland Stanford. c) Cornelius Vanderbilt. d) James J. Hill.

answer

d

question

(Multiple Choice) The railroad most significantly stimulated American industrialization by a) opening up the West to settlement. b) creating a single national market for raw materials and consumer goods. c) eliminating the inefficient canal system. d) inspiring greater federal investment in technical research and development.

answer

b

question

(Multiple Choice) The railroad barons aroused considerable public opposition by practices such as a) forcing Indians off their traditional hunting grounds. b) refusing to pay their employees decent wages. c) refusing to build railroad lines in less settled areas. d) stock watering and bribery of public officials.

answer

d

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(Multiple Choice) The railroads affected the concept of time in the United States most by a) introducing regularly scheduled departures and arrivals on railroad timetables. b) introducing the concept of daylight savings time. c) introducing four standard time zones cross the country. d) turning travel that had once taken days into a matter of hours.

answer

c

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(Multiple Choice) The first important federal effort at regulating industry was a) the Federal Communications Act. b) the Pure Food and Drug Act. c) the Interstate Commerce Act. d) the Federal Trade Commission.

answer

c

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(Multiple Choice) Financier J. P. Morgan attained much of his economic power by a) developing "horizontal integration" in the oil industry. b) lending money to the federal government. c) consolidating rival industries through "interlocking directorates." d) serving as the middleman between American industrialists and foreign governments.

answer

c

question

(Multiple Choice) Two late-nineteenth-century technological inventions that especially drew women out of the home and into the workforce were a) the railroad and the telegraph. b) the electric light and the phonograph. c) the cash register and the stock ticker. d) the typewriter and the telephone.

answer

d

question

(Multiple Choice) Andrew Carnegie's industrial system of "vertical integration" involved a) the construction of large, vertical steel factories in Pittsburgh and elsewhere. b) the cooperation between manufacturers like Andrew Carnegie and financiers like J. P. Morgan. c) the integration of diverse immigrant ethnic groups into the steel industry labor force. d) the combination of all phases of the steel industry from mining to manufacturing into a single organization.

answer

d

question

(Multiple Choice) The large trusts like Standard Oil and Swift and Armour justified their economic domination of industry because a) they were carefully regulated by the government in order to preserve public interest. b) only large-scale methods of production and distribution could provide superior products at low prices. c) competition among many small firms was contrary to the law of economics. d) only large American industries would compete with British and German companies.

answer

b

question

(Multiple Choice) The oil industry first thrived in the late 1880s by producing a) natural gas and heating oil for home heating purposes. b) kerosene for oil lamps. c) gasoline for automobiles. d) heavy-duty diesel fuel for the railroads and industry.

answer

b

question

(Multiple Choice) Andrew Carnegie's "Gospel of Wealth" was his belief that a) riches were a product of godliness, while poverty resulted from laziness and immorality. b) churches needed to take a stronger stand on economic issued of the day. c) belief in industrialization required the kind of faith once reserved for religion. d) the wealthy who had acquired great wealth had to be morally responsible.

answer

d

question

(Multiple Choice) The attempt to create an industrialized "New South" in the late nineteenth century generally failed because a) the South was discriminated against and held down as a supplier of raw materials to northern industry. b) southerners were too bitter at the Union to pursue national goals. c) continued political violence made the South an unattractive place for investment. d) there was little demand for southern products like textiles and cigarettes.

answer

a

question

(Multiple Choice) For American workers, industrialization generally meant a) a steady, long-term decline in wages and the standard of living. b) an opportunity to create small businesses that might eventually produce large profits. c) a long-term rise in the standard of living but a loss of independence and control of work. d) a stronger sense of identification with their jobs and employers.

answer

c

question

(Multiple Choice) In contrast to the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of Labor advocated a) uniting both skilled and unskilled workers into a single large union. b) concentrating on improved wages and hours and avoiding general social reform. c) working for black and female labor interests as well as those of white men. d) using secrecy and violence against employers.

answer

b

question

(True or False) The practice of artificially inflating railroads' stock prices (stock watering) often left the companies deeply in debt after promoters absconded with the profits.

answer

True?

question

(True of False) The new Interstate Commerce Commission did end some of the worst railroad abuses, but served more to stabilize the railroad industry than to seriously reform it.

answer

True

question

(True or False) Defenders of unrestrained capitalism like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner primarily used natural law and laissez-faire economics rather than Charles Darwin's theories to justify the "survival of the fittest."

answer

False?

question

(Multiple Choice) A large share of the capital that financed the growth of American industry came from a. workers' pension funds and other pooled resources. b. the federal government. c. European investment in private American corporations. d. a system of revolving industrial development loans run by individual states. e. immigrants and investors fleeing political instability in Latin America.

answer

c

question

(Multiple Choice) Congress finally stepped in to pass the Interstate Commerce Act to regulate the railroad industry because a. labor unions and social reformers demanded a public voice in the railroad industry. b. railroad corporations themselves were demanding an end to corruption and cutthroat competition. c. President Grover Cleveland gave strong backing for the law. d. the Supreme Court had ruled in the Wabash case that the states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. e. the spectacular failure of several railroads threatened the survival of the industry.

answer

d

question

(Multiple Choice) So-called Social Darwinists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner justified harsh competition and vast disparities in wealth by arguing that a. industrialists like Rockefeller and Carnegie foreshadowed the evolution of the human race. b. such developments were a natural consequence of the New World environment. c. large fortunes could be used to invest in research that would improve the human gene pool. d. Charles Darwin had uncovered the scientific basis of economics as well as biology. e. the wealthy who came out on top were simply displaying their natural superiority to others.

answer

e

question

Federally owned acreage granted to the railroad companies in order to encourage the building of rail lines

answer

land grants

question

The original transcontinental railroad, commissioned by Congress, which built its rail line west from Omaha

answer

Union Pacific Railroad

question

The California-based railroad company, headed by Leland Stanford, that employed Chinese laborers in building lines across the mountains

answer

Central Pacific Railroad

question

The luxurious railroad cars that enabled passengers to travel long distances in comfort and elegance

answer

Pullman Palace Cars

question

Dishonest device by which railroad promoters artificially inflated the price of their stocks and bonds

answer

stock watering

question

Supreme Court case of 1886 that prevented states from regulating railroads or other businesses engaging in interstate commerce

answer

Wabash case

question

The region of northern Minnesota that supplied most of the iron ore for tremendously profitable American steel industry

answer

Mesabi Range

question

Late-nineteenth-century invention that revolutionized communications and created a large new industry that relied heavily on female workers

answer

telephone

question

First of the great industrial trusts, organized through the principle of horizontal integration, that ruthlessly incorporated or destroyed competitors in an energy industry.

answer

Standard Oil Company

question

The first billion-dollar American corporation, organized when J. P. Morgan bought out Andrew Carnegie

answer

United States Steel Corporation

question

Term that southern promoters used to proclaim their belief in a technologically advanced, industrial South

answer

New South

question

Somewhat misleading term to describe the ideas of theorists like Herbert Spencer and William Graham Sumner, who claimed that vast wealth was the result of the natural superiority of those who achieved it.

answer

Social Darwinism

question

Secret, ritualistic labor organization that enrolled many skilled and unskilled workers but collapsed suddenly after the Haymarket Square bombing

answer

Knights of Labor

question

Shorthand term for the image of the independent and athletic new woman created by a popular magazine illustrator of the late nineteenth century.

answer

Gibson Girl

question

The conservative labor group that successfully organized a minority of American workers but left others out

answer

American Federation of Labor

question

Inventive genius of industrialization who worked on devices such as the electric light, the phonograph, and the motion picture

answer

Thomas Edison

question

The only businessperson in America wealthy enough to buy out Andrew Carnegie and organize the United States Steel Corporation

answer

J. Pierpont Morgan

question

Illinois governor who pardoned the Haymarket anarchists

answer

John P. Altgeld

question

Southern newspaper editor who tirelessly promoted industrialization as the salvation of the economically backward South

answer

Henry Grady

question

Aggressive energy-industry monopolist who used tough means to build a trust based on horizontal integration

answer

John D. Rockefeller

question

Wealthy southern industrialist whose development of mass-produced cigarettes led him to endow a university that later bore his name

answer

James Buchanan Duke

question

Aggressive eastern railroad builder and consolidator who scorned the law as an obstacle to his enterprise

answer

Cornelius Vanderbilt

question

Pro-business clergyman whose "Acres of Diamonds" speeches criticized the poor

answer

Russell Conwell

question

Scottish immigrant who organized a vast new industry on the principle of vertical integration

answer

Andrew Carnegie

question

Former California governor and organizer of the Central Pacific Railroad

answer

Leland Stanford

question

Organizer of a conservative craft-union group and advocate of more wages for skilled workers

answer

Samuel Gompers

question

Eloquent leader of a secretive labor organization that made substantial gains in the 1880s before it suddenly collapsed

answer

Terence V. Powderly

question

Public-spirited railroad builder who assisted farmers in the northern areas served by his rail lines

answer

James J. Hill

question

Intellectual defender of laissez-faire capitalism who argued that the wealthy owed nothing to the poor

answer

William Graham Sumner

question

Former teacher of the deaf whose invention created an entire new industry

answer

Alexander Graham Bell

question

(Cause and Effect) Eliminated competition and created monopolistic trusts in many industries

answer

The ruthless competitive techniques of Rockefeller and other industrialists

question

(Cause and Effect) Provided a large share of the capital for the growth of American industry

answer

The economic investments of European financiers

question

(Cause and Effect) Created a strong but narrowly based union organization

answer

The American Federation of Labor's concentration on skilled craft workers

question

(Cause and Effect) Stimulated the growth of a huge unified national market for American manufactured goods

answer

The building of a transcontinental rail network

question

(Cause and Effect) Created a public demand for railroad regulation, such as the Interstate Commerce Act

answer

Corrupt financial dealings and political manipulations by the railroads

question

(Cause and Effect) Often made laborers feel powerless and vulnerable to their well-off corporate employers

answer

The growing mechanization and depersonalization of factory work

question

(Cause and Effect) Helped destroy the Knights of Labor and increased public fear of labor agitation

answer

The Haymarket Square bombing

question

(Cause and Effect) Laid the technological basis for huge new industries and spectacular economic growth

answer

New developments in steel making, oil refining, and communication

question

(Cause and Effect) Encouraged industrialists to develop technological innovations that would enable them to produce goods with limited, unskilled labor

answer

The vast American national market and the high cost of skilled labor in the United States

question

(Cause and Effect) Kept the South in economic dependency as a poverty-stricken supplier of farm products and raw materials to the Northeast

answer

The North's use of discriminatory price practices against the South

The American Pageant 11th Edition, Chapter 25 – Flashcards

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