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Art and Science

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-Art and science are often thought of as separate disciplines, even opposites -Art as intuitive and emotional; science as rational and objective

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Flint depicting a crocodile with passengers

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-incorporates elements of the cosmology and astronomical knowledge of the Maya. -the flint depicts the story of creation, said by the Maya to have occurred precisely on August 13, 3114 BCE, when the first father was sacrificed after losing a ball game against the lords of death. -The first father's soul is seen riding a crocodile to the Maya underworld. When held up to the sky on August 13 each year, the five heads on this flint align with the brightest stars of the Milky Way galaxy. -The moment shown here is the transformation of the crocodile into a sacred canoe just before it dives into the rough waters.

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Muhammad Mahdi al-Yazdi, Astrolabe, 1659-60. Gilt brass, silvered brass, brass, and glass.

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-covered in Persian and Arabic inscriptions like verses about Islamic figures, describing the astrolabe, dedication to a Safavid leader, and dedication to god on the back. -used as guide for navigation

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Owen Morrell, Astrolabe, 2014, TTU Campus

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-located outside of experimental sciences.

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Joseph Wright of Derby, An Experiment on a Bird in the Air Pump, 1768. Oil on canvas

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-shows a traveling scientist demonstrating the creation of a vacuum before an audience. -bird will die if works -contrast btw light and dark (tenebrism) -adds drama -brings viewer into art -the woman and girl are sympathetic to the bird

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Thomas Eakins, Portrait of Dr. Samuel D. Gross (The Gross Clinic), 1875. Oil on canvas

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-realism -surgery is shown -light isn't as dramatic -the woman(mother) is distraught -more emotion to scientific procedure

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Willard Wigan, Statue of Libery, 2012

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-Micro statues -statue in eye of needle -uses microscope -show people that something so small is still significant

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Basketball Player, 2002. Gunther von Hagens's Body Worlds exhibition

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-plastination, preserves the body and allows them to be arranged in poses -not shown in an art museum -similar to drawings by Leo, the dead shark, and francisco goya's saturn devouring one of his sons painting.

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Francisco Goya, Saturn Devouring One of His Sons, 1820-22

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-brutal cannablism

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Renaissance

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-rebirth -renewed interest in Classical thinking, mythology, and art -refers to time period and style of art

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Humanism

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Philosophical approach that stressed the intellectual and physical potential of human beings

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Religion

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-Reformation (1517) and Counter- Reformation (1545-1648) -Catholic and Protestant beliefs were reflected in the art of Italian Renaissance and northern Renaissance

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Nike, from the balustrade of the Temple of Athena Nike. c. 410-407 BCE. height 42 in

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-Gods and Goddess were depicted as humans -represented doing human things and having weaknesses

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Contrapposto

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"counter_balance pose," a pose in sculpture in which the upper part of the body twists in one direction and the lower part in another, imitates the way human balance their own weight

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Polykleitos, Doryphoros (or Spear Bearer), c. 460 BCE. Marble, 6'6" x 19"x19"

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-Artist was a mathematician -see this contrapposto for the first time -looks like sculpture is moving

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Nike of Samothrace. c. 190 BCE . height approximately 8 ft.

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-made of marble -more movement and motion -little larger than life-size -in art museum in Paris -on grand staircase -Greeks meant for her to be seen on only one side, but she's seen from all sides today -in her not original side, she loses movement characteristic, static, detail and drapery

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Art of the Middle Ages (c. 200-1300 CE)

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-dark ages -decline in understanding of the world

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The Early Renaissance in Italy

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-Renewed interest in the classical past. -Study of mathematics and science encouraged the systematic understanding of the world -Art was a balance of the real and ideal -Realistic depictions of three-dimensional space and perspective, idealistic portrayal of mythological or religious subjects, and the nude figure

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Portrait of Michelangelo from Giorgio Vasariʼs Lives of the Great Artists, second edition, 1568.

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-first art history book

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Donatello, David, c. 1430. Bronze, 5'2 1/4" high.

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-David and Galiath -David saved people by using his mind (under dog) -represented David killing Galifth -1st naked sculpture since Classical world -In contrapposto pose

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Masaccio, Trinity, c. 1425-6. Fresco, 21'10 1/2" x 10' 4 7/8".

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-Fresco painting -Religious -Architecture looks like Classical World - 1 point linear -at the eye level of the viewer

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Continuous narrative

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when different parts of story are shown within the same visual space

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Masaccio, Tribute Money, c.1427. Fresco, 8'1" x 19'7". Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, Italy

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-Fresco painting -Continuous narrative -Religious -Tax collector needs money, tells St. John, St. John says go fishing and finds a coin in fish's mouth and coin is worth more than the taxes and St. John gives it to him to pay his debt off -St. John is in contrapposto pose -1 point linear and atmospheric perspective (blurry) -shading and architecture -the figures has a shadow on the ground and it gives them the appearance of really being there -Halos are tilted (linear perspective) -window consists of lighting in chapel and viewers shadow is present bc of window light source(chiaroscuro)

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The High Renaissance in Italy

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-Beginning of the 16th century Continued development of making art look believable. -rules of perspective, ideal and real, religious and mythological subject matter Three great Italian artists dominated this period: lenoardo da vinci, michelangelo, and raphael

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Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper, c 1497

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- most people consider this the 1st art in Renaissance in Italy -1 point linear -Religious -shows that Christ is most important -divided decipals evenly (6 on each side of Christ and in groups of 3) -3's is important bc it shows the Holy Trinity

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Leonardo da Vinci, Mona Lisa, 1503. Oil on wood, 30 3/8 x 20 7/8

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-portrait of wife of silk merchant -1 point linear -atmospheric perspective -most famous painting in Western world -very popular -was successful stolen in 1911 for 2 yrs -painting is small in person -target for attention -famous for being famous

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Michelangelo, detail of Creation of Adam, Sistine Chapel ceiling, 1508-12. Vatican City

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-very well known for painting skills -thought of himself as a sculptor -detail the stories of Genesis, from the creation of the heavens and earth, to the creation and fall of adam and eve, and ending with scenes from the great flood.

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Michelangelo, David, 1501-4.

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-made out of marble -comes from David and galifth story -14ft high

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Differences between Michelangelo's David and Donatello's David

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-M's version is idealized of a guy's body -D's version looks boyish -M's Version is larger, hair style is different, no hat on him, facial expression is more thoughtful -D's version facial expression is more snug, has a sword, decapitated head shown, looks like the story -M's version tries to depict David's intellect over his muscles

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Similarities between M's David and D's David

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-both are in contrapposto pose

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Raphael, The School of Athens, 1510-11, Fresco

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-painted in Pope's apartment -scholars all together -arch is showed in painting -sculpture w/in painting -uses Classical area

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Baroque (1600-1750)

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-refers to the time period and the style of art -increase in trade, advancements in science, permanent split between Roman Catholics and Protestants -tends to be full of motion and emotion

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Artwork characteristics of Baroque

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-emphasis on light -diversity of approaches -dramatic movement and theatrical compositions

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1.52 Caravaggio, The Calling of St. Matthew, c. 1599-1600. oil on canvas

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-tenebrism -less significance of Christ -everyday representation

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Tenebrism

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dramatic use of intense darkness and light to heighten the impact of a painting; from the Italian "tenebroso," meaning "murky"

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Caravaggio, Judith Decapitating Holofernes, 1599. Oil on canvas

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-looks scared to kill him -more gentle

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Differences between Caravaggio's Judith and Artemisia's Judith

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-A's version has a more powerful and forceful facial expression -A's version focal point is the man being decapitated

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Aerial view off St. Peter's Nave and facade by Carlo Maderno, 1607-15, colonmade by Gianlorenzo Bermini, 1657

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-commissioned by Catholic Church -In Rome -arms of church reaching out to bring together

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Gianlorenzo Bernini, The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, 1647-52. Polychromed marble, gilt, bronze, yellow glass, fresco, and stucco, 4ʼ11" high (figures only).

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-artwork that is meant to inspire devotion and reverence -made to decorate the chapel of the Cornaro family.

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3.139 Gianlorenzo Bernini, David, 1623. Marble

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-facial expression; looks ready to fight -he's clothed -he's not in contrappasto pose -shows movment

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Spirituality and Art

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-Works of art inspired by beliefs express things that cannot be seen Spirtuality- Our sense of being connected to others, our awareness of mind and body, and the desire to understand the meaning of life and the world

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Four categories of spiritual art

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1. Artworks that incorporate specific gods or deities 2. Works that refer to the spirits of the natural or ancestral world 3. Works that reflect communication w/ the spiritual world 4. Places that have sacred character

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Stela of Naram-Sin, c 2254-2218 BCE, pink sandstone

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-relief sculpture -takes place on mountains -religious leaders -Naram is biggest bc he's spiritual -Naram is stepping on the enemy -abstract- sun's at the top

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Stela Hammurabi, c 1792-1750 BCE. Diorite

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-the sun god, Shamash reaches for Stela of Hammurabi as dictates to the king the laws he will implement

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Icon

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-a small, often portable, religious image venerated by Christian believers

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Virgin of Vladimir, 12th century (before 1132). Tempera on panel, 30¾ x 21½".

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-icon -represents communication -faces and hands are originally apart of the painting -everything else in painting is meant to be caressed -gold is used and it's a symbol of sacred -supposed to look sacred

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Byzantine

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relating to the East Roman Empire, centered on COnstantinople (modern day Istanbul) from 400-1450CE

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Christ icon, 6th century

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-eyes are cross-eyed -left part is spiritual side -right side shows wrinkled, baggy eyes -made to be held and caressed -indicated dual nature(HUMAN AND GOD) -abstracted

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Colossal Head, Olmec, 1500-1300 BCE, Basalt

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-1st major art from Olmec cultur

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4.30 Altar 4, La Venta, c. 800 BCE. Basalt

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-relief carving -cave has figure in it w/ a rope -represents a throne -cave has eyes and a mouth -cave has symbolic meaning, signifying the birth of man and the ability to capture and control the prisoners who will be sacrificed in order to appease the gods.

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Dome of the Rock,688-91, Jerusalem, Israel

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-sacred city -adam created -Isalm- Muhammond -Isalmic: strong tradition of architecture, coloration and pattern -pointed arch -classes are held there to bridge religions together -presence of water shows cleanness -muslims believe its the rock from which muhammad ascended to heaven from.

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Main entrance portal (iwan), Masjid-iShah, early 17th century, Isfahan, Iran

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Muqarnas-"stalacite" decoration commonly found in domes and vaults w/in Islamic architecture

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Kaaba, Al-Masjid, al-Har am (the sacred Mosque), Mecca Saudi Arabia

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-most sacred place -5 times a day prayer -built by abraham for god

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Minaret

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a tall sender tower on a mosque from which the faithful are called to prayer

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Ise Jingu, site dates from 4th century CE, rebuilt 1993, Mie Prefecture, Japan

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-people leave offerings for sun God -sacred -gateways for touring -presence of water for cleanness -shinto religion -god known as Kami

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Shinto

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traditional Japaneses religion. emphasizes the ways natural elements (sun, water, trees) are connected to personal well-being, reveres nature itself as a deity

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Rothko Chapel, 1966-71, Menil Collection, Houston, Texas

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-not a lot of decor -all are welcome -no windows -filled w/ large paintings created by Rothko -14 paintings -not allowed to speak -paintings create a sense of calmness -octagonal

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Art about war

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-Battle scenes -Aftermath including dead soldiers -Victorious scenes -Consequences of wars

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Why do artists depict war?

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-To record historical events -To educate us about the realities of conflict -To inspire or instill nationalism -To persuade the viewer toward a point of view

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Timothy O'Sullivan, Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863. Photograph

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-1st photo of war -realistic -truthfulness in photography -most fatal battle in Civil War

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Winslow Homer, Prisoners from the Front, 1866. Oil on canvas, 24 × 38".

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-painting of the war -shows union and confederacy sides -depicts the Civil War -period of Reconstruction -one side is armed (union) the other side isn't (confederacy) -union is more put together and polished

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Winslow Homer, The Veteran in a New Field, 1865. Oil on canvas, 24 × 38"

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-painting after Lincoln's death -old fashion tool is reference to death and grim reaper -veteran of war -discarded uniform and cantee

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Nick Ut, Vietnamese Girl Kim Phuc Running after Napalm attack, June 8, 1972. Photograph

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-1st hand witnessed -helped children -sympathy -vietnam war, tragic -opposing vietnam war

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Chris Burden, All the Submarines of the United States of America, 1987. 625 cardboard submarines

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-create something unbasis -all submarines in the navy

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Tula Warrior Columns, 900-1000 CE, Basalt

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-large scale -looks imposing -were original painted -identical/ repetition -Toltec people lived in a state of warfare according to the statues

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Detail of Battle of Hastings, Bayeux Tapestry, c. 1066-82. Linen w/ wool

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-huge -records events surrounding the Hastings battle -took 10 yrs to complete -events in chronological order -over 600 humans depicted -over 200 horses depicted -200 other creatures shown -50 diff scenes -not actually a tapestry -constructed by only women

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Detail from the Night Attack on the Sanjo Palace, late 13th century. Hand scroll, ink, and color on paper

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-reads right to left -isometric perspecitive(a system using diagonal parallel lines to communicate depth)

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Francisco Goya, The Third of May, 1808, 1814, Oil on canvas

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-french invasion of spain -holds your attention through the use of directional lines

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Francisco Goya, The Disasters of War Series, plate 15: And it cannot be helped, 1810s

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-made to be private -didn't know about these paintings until after his death -dark -created scratches of line

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Michael Fay,Storm and Stone, c 2005

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-combat artists -recorded what he saw -made it to be a composit of his experience during the war -explosion in the background is actually a storm, very powerful -something is happening on left side that we can't see -more artistic than journalism

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Otto Dix, The War, 1929-3. oil and tempera on wood

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-intended it to look like Christ to show how innocent people lost their lives -shows the artist carrying a wounded soldier

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Matthias Grunewald, Isenheim Altarpiece (closed), c. 1510-15. Oil on panel

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-gruesome depiction of Christianity -#3 means Holy Trinity -crucification in central panel

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Triptych

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a three part painting, normally joined together and sharing a common theme

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Predella

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an artwork designed as a companion piece to a more important work

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Anselm Kiefer, Breaking of the Vessels, 1990. Lead, iron, glass, copper wire, charcoal, and aquatec

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-grew up at the end of WW2 -3 tier bookshelf filled w/ scorched books and w/ broken glass, representing kristalnacht

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Kristallnacht

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night of the broken glass, series of coordinated deadly attacks by the Nazis in 1938, refers to the shattered glass after Jewish-owned stores, business, and synagogues had their windows smashed

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Wafaa Bilal, Domestic Tension, 2007

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-his brother was killed by American bomb in their hometown -performance art piece -lived in gallery that had a paintball gun aimed at him for a month -60,000 shots were taken at him -antiwar activist

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Art can:

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-Reflect historical, social, and political concerns -Try to persuade and affect points of view -Provoke change and inspire -Become the target of anger -Find common ground and bring peace

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Theodroe Gericault, Raft of the Medusa, 1819. Oil on canvas

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-created a degree of naturalism -shows death -in the middle of a storm -tiny boat in the distance -dark and dull -artist went through many drawings and sketches -brought in dead corpses to see how to draw it in his painting

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Bill Viola, The Raft, May 2004

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-shows theme of human spirit -survive things out of your control

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Pablo Picasso, Guernica, 1937. Oil on canvas

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-depiction of attack on guernica killing more than 1000 civilians, test bombs -black and white -large -imagery -some of the bodies are disfigured -there's a mother w/a dead baby in her hands -focuses on victims of war -cubism -a copy of it made in 1985 in brown -hung in United Nations building

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Dan Tague, Unite NOLA, 2008. Archival inkjet print on rag paper, 42 × 34".

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-protesting lack of resources to rebuild new orleans after katrina -appeal and power of money are the issues 4.117 Dan Tague, Unite NOLA, 2008. Archival inkjet print on rag paper -unconventional way -folds dollar bill into shapes to create words -references Hurricane Katrina -saw lack of govt assistance in this tragedy

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-Iconoclasm -Icon

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- the destruction of religious images - religious image venerated by Christians

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Virgin and Child Surrounded by Saints, 6th century. Encaustic, 27 × 19⅝". Monastery of St. Catherine, Sinai, Egypt

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-iconoclasts believed that the faithful were worshiping icons of religious figures rather than worshiping Mary and Jesus directly, leading to disagreement and destruction of many byzantine icons

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Colossal Buddha from Bamiyan, Afghanistan, 6th or 7th century CE, destroyed by Taliban, 2001. Before destruction

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-Buddahism flourished in area years ago -over weeks of bombing of statue -said they were false idols bc not Islamic -destroyed by taliban

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Ai Weiwei on Alcatraz Sept 2014-April 2015

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-art created w/ an activist intention -large scale installation -issue: freedom of expression and basic human rights -artist used to be in prison -sees violation by China for human rights -was in prison for 81 days for no reason and they took his passport -topic is personal to him

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Ai Weiwei, With Wind from

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-hand-made kites -prisoners went to do their daily chores in that space -dragon kite is a symbol of power and freedom, but the freedom is confined in this space

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Ai Weiwei, Refraction from @ large

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-solar panels -gallery is viewed from behind a glass window, where guards looked at prisoners from -light and freedom, but it's confined

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Ai Weiwei, Trace from @ large

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-most talked about in his exhibit -mosaic -portraits of people around the world that were or are prisoners -pixel looking -material used is legos -abstract

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Ai Weiwei, Yours Truly from @ large

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-table w/ lamps -allows viewers to talk to people on portraits from trace as you would do a prisoner -post cards allows them to send message to prisoners -sight specific -audience participation required

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Justin Deurmyer

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-Lubbock artist -thinks there's so much machinery today that isn't art -defining moment: his dad told him that he didn't sign his painting and when he did, his dad framed it and hung it in his office until he died -firm believer that who you surround yourself w/ will enable or able you -how he processes things: don't have preconceived ideas. don't let other define what good art is to you, take some time to explore on your own, art as collab of time, don't ever think an old technique is less than new technique

Art Appreciation 1309 TTU – Flashcards

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