GSCI – Space – Flashcards
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tight groups of thousands of stars that are gravitationally bound
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globular clusters
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loosely clustered, generally contain fewere than a few hundred stars that are young
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open clusters
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wavelengh: 38--740 nm electromagnetic radiation that is visible to the human eye refraction, defration, interference, reflection
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visible light
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Proposed by Newton Treats light as being composed of tiny particles (using a prism to separate light)
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Corpuscular Theory of Light
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Proposed by Christian Huygens Describes light as waves that spread from the source of generation. Each color is a different wavelength
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Wave Theory of Light
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The turning or bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another
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Refraction
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The process by which a beam of light is spread out as a result of passing through a narrow aperture
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Defraction
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When 2 or more waves of the same frequency combine to reinforce or cancel each other. The amplitude of the resulting wave being equal to the sum of amplitude of combining waves
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Interference
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Proposed by James Clerk Maxwell Describes light as having electric and magnetic properties -Advanced because it explains how light is generated
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Electromagnetic Theory of Light
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waves with motion perpendicular to direction of travel. A ripple on a pond and a wave on a string are easily visualized transverse waves -wave goes from left to right but actual ripple is vertical
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transverse waves
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High: Gamma rays x-rays UV rays visible light infrared radiation micro waves LOW: radio waves
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Electromagnetic Spectrum
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The color and intensity depend on the temperature of the object
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Black Body Radiation
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-Max Karl Earnest Ludwig Planck -Describes light as composed of "packets of energy" or photons. -Energy of photon determines the color
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Quantum Theory of Light
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-amount of energy (light) produced -size of star -distance of star
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Brightness of Stars Determined By...
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Expression of luminosity, total amount of energy radiated into space each second from the surface of the star
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Absolute Brightness
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-A type of variable star which exhibits a regular pattern of changing brightness as a function of time. -The period of the pulsation pattern is directly related to the star's intrinsic brightness. -Cepheid variables are a powerful tool for determining distances in modern astronomy.
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Cephid Variables
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Hydrogen and Helium
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Stars are made up of
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Nitrogen, Carbon dioxide, Argon
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Earth is made up of
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-a graph in which the spectral types of stars are plotted against their absolute magnitudes
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Hertzsprung-Russll Diagrams
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materials that conduct electricity -metals
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conductors
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materials that conduct some electricity
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semi conductors
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materials that do not conduct electricity -non metals
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insulators
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number of protons
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atomic number equals
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combined number of protons and neutrons
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mass number equals
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physical chemist, famous for role in developing radiocarbon dating
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Williard Frank Libby
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small nuclei combine to form larger nuclei -power source for stars
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nuclear fission
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the study of motion without regard to its cause
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kinematics
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Thought that Mercury and Venus revolved around the sun and that whole system revolved around Earth
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Egyptian System
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"Copernicun Revolution" -placed sun at center of universe -described the system's mechanics using math -published book of findings after death for fear of condemnation from church
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Nicolaus Copernicus
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-enabled kepler to form laws of planetary motion -last naked-eye observer -realized stellar paralax but ignored because he believed in geocentric model
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Tycho Brache
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-first invented the telescope (saw moons, satelites, phases, sunspots) -confirmed Copernican model
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Galileo Galilei
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The orbit of every planet is an eclipse with the sun at one of the two foci
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Kepler's 1st law
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A line joining a planet and the sun sweep our equal areas during equal periods of time
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Kepler's 2nd law
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T^2=KR^3
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Kepler's 3rd law
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force that makes a body follow a curved path, it's direction is toward the fixed point in the instantaneous center of curvature of the path
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centripetal force
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apparent outward force that draws a rotating body away from the center of rotation. -caused by the inertia of the body as its path is continually redirected -negative centripetal force (because of opposite direction)
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centrifugal force
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the capacity to do work
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energy
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-found that energy of mechanical systems is conserved so long as masses did not interact -created equation for kinetic energy
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Leibiniz
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-discovered that heat and mechanical work were both forms of energy -found quatitative relationship between them W=FxD
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von Mayer
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-advanced the steam engine that avoided the waste of energy and radically improved the power, efficiency, cost-effectivness
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James Watt
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Father of Thermodynamics Developed the Carnot cycle by which a system is taken through a variety of different stages and returned to its initial stage. By going through this process, the system may do work on other parts, creating heat.
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Nicolas Leonard Sadi Carnot
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Internal Energy (u)--sum of all the potential and kinetic energy of all the molecules in the system Heat (q)--thermal energy related to temperature Work (w)-- w=f x d
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3 Forms of Energy Involved in the Steam Engine
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"same temp" keeps system and surroundings the same temp, heat can flow through boundaries
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isothermal
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two separate temps, donsn't mix between system temp and surroundings temp
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Adabatic
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Father of Entropy Created the 2nd law of thermodynamics
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Clausius
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Algebraic sum of all the transformations occuring in a cyclical process can only be positive, or in extreme cases, equal to 0. Suniverse= Ssystem + Ssurroundings > 0
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2nd law of Thermodynamics
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S(entropy) = k(boltzman constant) ln W(# ways to arrange system's components) -mathematically showed that a system with relatively few equivalent ways to arrange its components has less disorder & lower entropy
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Boltzman
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a perfect crystal has zero entropy at a temp of abosolute 0 0 at 0K
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3rd Law of Thermodynamics
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Change in free energy of a system, is a measure of the spontantaity of the process and of the useful energy available from it
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Gibbs Free Energy (G)
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a measure of the number of specific ways in which a system may be arranged, often taken to be a measure of "disorder" and randomness in a system
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Entropy
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Any of various very large bright stars, such as Betelgeuse or Rigel, having a luminosity that is thousands of times greater than that of the sun.
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Supergiant Stars
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a very bright star of large diameter and low density (relative to the Sun)
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Giant Star
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The main sequence is a continuous and distinctive band of stars that appear on plots of stellar color versus brightness.
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Main Sequence Stars
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a faint star of enormous density
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White Dwarf Stars
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-waves are on same axis as propagation. -sound waves are good example
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longitudinal wave
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atoms with same number of protons but different amounts of neutrons in their neuclei
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isotope
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scientific model that is used to explain many different sets of data
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law
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a tentative proposal of a scientific principle that atemps to explain meaningof a set of data collected in one experiment
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hypothesis
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discovered the solar spectrum
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Joseph Fraunhofer
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luminosity vs temperature for stars
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HR Diagram is a plot for..
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have relatively short lives
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stars with large mass
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explains past events and cannot be used to make predictions
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theory
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delta U= delta q + delta w conservation of energy law
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1st law of thermodynamics
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measure of total energy of a thermodynamic system change in heat in a system
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enthalpy
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G= change in enthalpy - T (change in entropy) measure of the amount of useful work a system can do
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Gibbs free energy
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Cn H2n+2
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Alkane structure
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Cn H2n
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Alkene structure
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CnH2n-2
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Alkynes structure
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-more neutrons than protons -undergo beta decay
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neutron-rich nuclides
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-not a lot of neutrons left after match up with protons -undergo positron decay or electron capture
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neutron-poor nuclides
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-a lot more neutrons than protons -undergo alpha decay
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heavy nuclides
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time it takes for half of teh nuclei to decay
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half life
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Nt= number of nuclei at time t N0=initial number of nuclei (1/2)^n= number of half lives Nt= N0 x (1/2)^n
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half life equation
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delta m= delta E/c^2 -the mass decrease that occurs when nucleons are united into a nucleus -some mass of protons&neutrons is converted to energy to bind the nucleus -used to calculate the nuclear binding energy
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mass defect
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Law of Inertia
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Newton's 1st Law also known as...
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Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Earth Venus Mars Mercury
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planets from Big to Small
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Nearst Heat Theorem
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3rd Law of Thermodynamics also known as
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-change in Enthalpy (heat) is positive -absorbs heat -breaking bonds
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endothermic reactions
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-change in Enthalpy (heat) is negative -releases heat -forms bonds
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exothermic reactions
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number of bonds / number of spaces
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bond order
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Condensation polymers lose small molecules in the midst of the reaction process (like water) but additional polymers bond together without the loss of any atoms or molecules
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difference between condensation and additional polymers?
