NEU GenChem 9/21-9/24 Toher – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Define significant figures (aka sig figs) |
Sig figs are used to determine which numbers in a measurement or calculation using measurement "count" or need to be reported for accuracy. |
| How many rules for sig figs are there and what are they? |
There are 5 rules regarding sig figs. They are: 1: All non-zero digits are sig. 2: Zeros between non-zeros are significant. 3: Zeros which preceed non-zero digits are not significant. 4: Zeros at the end of a number with a decimal place anywhere in the number are significant. 5: Zeros at the end of of a number not specifically mentioned in scientific notation are not significant. |
| Are there any exceptions to the rules of sig figs and if so, what are they? |
There is one exception which applies to rule #5. The base of the exception states that if there is a decimal place (such as 10.0) then both zeros are significant since the 0 typically would denote a rounded number. |
| What are the rules for addition/subtraction of significant figures? |
| Sum/difference is reported to the number of decimal places as the measurement with the fewest decimal places. In the case of 15.8 - 14.73 3 sig figs would be used. |
| What is the rule for reporting sig figs in regards to multiplication/division? |
Like the addition/subtraction rule you simply take the least number of decimal places reported. Again, with a number of 3 sig figs and another of 4 the reported answer would have 3 sig figs. |
| Define accuracy |
Accuracy is defined as how close to the actual value a measurement is. |
| Define precision |
Precision is defined as how close together a set of measurements is. |
| Define an atomic bond |
An atomic bond is defined as the "glue" which is the attraction force which holds atoms together. |
| Define a covalent bond |
A covalent bond is defined as a bond in which electrons are shared between atoms (always a non-metal to another non-metal). |
| Define an ionic bond |
| An ionic bond is defined as oppositely charged particles Coulombically attracted which is always between a metal and a non-metal (that is, always between a cation and an anion). |
| What are columns of the periodic table called? |
They're called groups or families. |
| What do metals tend to form? |
| Metals tend to form cations by electron loss (oxidation). |
| What to non-metals typically form? |
| Non-metals tend to form anions by electron gain (reduction). |
| In nomenclature, what does the prefix "per" denote? |
| It means that the highest amount of oxygen possible is present. |
| What does the prefix "hypo-" denote? |
| It indicates that the lowest amount of oxygen possible is present. |
| What is so special about CrAsPS? |
There is no per-ates and not hypo-ites. For example, PO4-3 becomes simply phosphate and PO3-3 becomes phosphite. |
| If a compound ends in "-ide", what will its acidic name become? |
| It will become hydro-ic acid (ex: hydrochloric acid). |
| Hydrogen |
| H+ |
| Lithium |
| Li+ |
| Sodium |
| Na+ |
| Potassium |
| K+ |
| Ammonium |
| NH4+ |
| Silver |
| Ag+ |
| Copper(I) |
| Cu+ |
| Mercury(I) |
| Hg2+2 |
| Magnesium |
| Mg+2 |
| Calcium |
| Ca+2 |
| Strontium |
| Sr+2 |
| Barium |
| Ba+2 |
| Zinc |
| Zn+2 |
| Cadmium |
| Cd+2 |
| Copper(II) |
| Cu+2 |
| Mercury(II) |
| Hg+2 |
| Chromium(II) |
| Cr+2 |
| Manganese(II) |
| Mn+2 |
| Iron(II) |
| Fe+2 |
| Cobalt(II) |
| Co+2 |
| Nickel(II) |
| Ni+2 |
| Tin(II) |
| Sn+2 |
| Lead |
| Pb+2 |
| Aluminum |
| Al+3 |
| Chromium |
| Cr+3 |
| Manganese |
| Mn+3 |
| Iron(III) |
| Fe+3 |
| Cobalt(III) |
| Co+3 |
| Nickel(III) |
| Ni+3 |
| Tin(IV) |
| Sn+4 |
| Lead(IV) |
| Pb+4 |
| Peroxide |
| O2-2 |
| Hydride |
| H- |
| Fluoride |
| F- |
| Chloride |
| Cl- |
| Bromide |
| Br- |
| Iodide |
| I- |
| Hydroxide |
| OH- |
| Hydrogen carbonate |
| HCO3- |
| Hydrogen sulfate |
| HSO4- |
| Hydrogen sulfite |
| HSO3- |
| Thiocyanate |
| SCN- |
| Cyanide |
| CN- |
| Acetate |
| CH3COO- or C2H3O2- |
| Nitrate |
| NO3- |
| Nitrite |
| NO2- |
| Permanganate |
| MnO4- |
| Perchlorate |
| ClO4- |
| Chlorate |
| ClO3- |
| Chlorite |
| ClO2- |
| Hypochlorite |
| ClO- |
| Oxide |
| O-2 |
| Sulfide |
| S-2 |
| Selenide |
| Se-2 |
| Telluride |
| Te-2 |
| Carbonate |
| CO3-2 |
| Sulfate |
| SO4-2 |
| Thiosulfate |
| S2O3-2 |
| Oxalate |
| C2O4-2 |
| Chromate |
| CrO4-2 |
| Dichromate |
| Cr2O7-2 |
| Nitride |
| N-3 |
| Phosphide |
| P-3 |
| Arsenide |
| As-3 |
| Carbide |
| C-4 |
| Phosphate |
| PO4-3 |
| Phosphite |
| PO3-3 |
