question

Chemistry

answer

the study of matter and its properties, the changes that matter undergoes, and the energy associated with those changes

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matter

answer

anything that has mass and volume

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composition

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the types and amounts of simpler substances that make something up

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properties

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characteristics that give each substance its unique identity

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physical properties

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characteristics a substance shows by itself, without changing into or interacting with another substance

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physical change

answer

occurs when a substance alters its physical properties not its composition

same substance before and after

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chemical properties

answer

characteristics a substance shows as it changes into or interacts with another substance or substances

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chemical change is also called a

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chemical reaction

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chemical change

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occurs when a substance or substances is converted into a differenet substance

different substance before and after

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solid are not defined by

answer

rigidity or hardness

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liquid shape

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conforms to the container's shape

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liquid surface

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an upper surface

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gas shape

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conforms to the container's shape

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gas surface

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gas does not have a surface

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in a solid, the particles lie

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next to each other in a regular, three- dimensional array

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in a liquid, the particles lie

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close together but move randomly around each other

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in a gas, the particles

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have large distances between them and move randomly throughout the container

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a physical change caused by eating can generally be

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reversed by cooling

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composition ultimately depends on

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the makeup of substances at the atomic scale

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we study observable changes in matter in order to

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undertand their unobservable causes

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energy

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the ability to do work

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the total energy an object possesses is

answer

the sum of its potential energy and its kinetic energy

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potential energy

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is the energy due to the position of the object relative to other objects

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kinetic energy

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is the energy due to the motion of the object

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when energy is converted from one form to another, it is

answer

conserved, not destroyed

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situations of lower energy are more

answer

stable

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situations of ____ energy are favored

answer

low

question

due to electrostatic forces

answer

opposite charges attract each other and like charges repel each other

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changes in matter are accompanied by

answer

changes in energy

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scientific method steps

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observation
hypothesis
experiment
model

question

data

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pieces of quantitative information

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natural law

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when the same observation is made by many investigators in many situations with no clear exceptions

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observation that mass remains constant during chemical change

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law of mass conservation

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credited with the law of mass conservation

answer

Antonie Lavoisier

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hypothesis

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proposal made to explain an observation

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hypothesis must be

answer

testable by experimentation

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variables

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quantities that can have more than one value

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controlled experiment

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measures the effect of one variable on another while keeping all other variables constant

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1 mile = ____ ft

answer

5280 ft

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mass

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kilogram (kg)

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length

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meter (m)

question

time

answer

seconds (s)

question

temperature

answer

kelvin (K)

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electric current

answer

ampere (A)

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amount of substances

answer

moles (mol)

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1 L= _____ mL

answer

1000 mL

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1 m = _____ cm

answer

100 cm

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1 kg = _____ g

answer

1000 g

question

1 g = ___ mg

answer

1000 mg

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mass

answer

quantity of matter an object contains

question

mass is constant because

answer

an object's quantity of matter cannot change

question

weight is variable because

answer

it depends on the local gravitational field

question

density =

answer

mass / volume

question

mass =

answer

volume x density

question

volume =

answer

mass x (1 / density)

question

density of water

answer

0.998 g/cm^3

question

temperature

answer

measure of how hot or cold one object is relative to another

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heat

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the energy that flows from the object with the higher temperature to the object with the lower temperature

question

T in K = _____ T in *C

answer

*C + 273.15

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T in *C = ______ T in K

answer

T in K - 273.15

question

extensive properties

answer

variables dependent on the amount of substance present

question

intensive properties

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independent of the amount of substance

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every measurement includes come

answer

uncertainty

question

all digits are significant except

answer

zeros use only to position the decimal point

question

sig figs for multiplication and division

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fewest number of sig figs

question

sig figs for addition and subtraction

answer

fewest decimal places

question

precision

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how close the measurement in a series are to each other

question

accuracy

answer

how close the measurement is to the actual value

question

precise measurements have low

answer

random errors

question

accurate measurements have low

answer

systematic errors and low random errors

question

calibration

answer

comparing the measuring device with a known standard

question

precision

answer

how close the measurement in a series are to each other

question

systematic error

answer

produces values that are either all higher or all lower than the actual value

question

random error

answer

produces values that are higher and lower than the actual value

question

precise measurements have _____ error

answer

low random error

question

accurate measurements have _____ error

answer

low systematic and low random error

question

substance

answer

matter whose composition is fixed

question

element

answer

simplest kind of matter with unique physical and chemical properties

question

elements consist of

answer

only one kind of atom

question

molecule

answer

independent structure of two or more atoms bound together

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compound

answer

consists of two or more different elements that are bound chemically

question

elements are present in compounds in

answer

fixed parts by mass

question

the properties of a compound are

answer

different from the properties of its component elements

question

mixture consists of

answer

two or more substances that are physically intermingled

question

a mixture is not

answer

a substance

question

the components of a mixture can

answer

vary in their parts by mass

question

a mixture retains

answer

many of the properties of its components

question

law of mass conservation

answer

the total mass of substances does not change during the chemical reaction

question

the law of definite composition

answer

no matter what its source, a particular compound is composed of the same elements in the same parts (fractions) by mass

question

fraction by mass (mass fraction)

answer

the part of the compound's mass that each element contributes

question

percent by mass (mass recent)

answer

is the fraction by mass expressed as a percent (multiplied by 100)

question

mass of element in sample =

answer

(mass of compound in sample)x(mass of element in compound/mass of compound)

question

law of multiple proportions

answer

if elements A and B react to form two compounds, the different masses of B that combine with a fixed mass of A can be expresses as a ratio of small whole numbers

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atoms

answer

tiny indivisible particles of an element than cannot be created or destroyed

question

postulates of the atomic theory

answer

1) all matter consists of atoms
2) atoms of an element cannot be converted into atoms of another element
3) atoms of an element are identical in mass and other properties and are different from atoms of any other element
4) compounds result from the chemical combination of a specific ratio of atoms of different elements

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who discovered the atomic theory

answer

dalton

question

cathode rays were given their name because

answer

the rays originated at the negative electrode (cathode) and moved to the positive electrode (anode)

question

mass/ charge ratio of an electron was discovered by

answer

JJ Thomson

question

charge of the electron was discovered by

answer

Robert Millikan

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an atom is electronically

answer

neutral

question

the nucleus of an atom is

answer

positively charged

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the number of protons in the nucleus is equal to the

answer

number of electrons surrounding the nucleus

question

atomic number (Z)

answer

equal the number of protons in the nucleus of each of its atoms

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mass number (A)

answer

the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of each atom

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atomic symbol (element symbol)

answer

based on the English Latin, or Greek name, such as C for Carbon

question

atomic number often written as a

answer

left subscript

question

mass number often written as a

answer

left superscript

question

number of neutrons=

answer

mass number - atomic number

question

all atoms of an element have the same _____, but not the same ______

answer

atomic number, mass number

question

isotopes

answer

are atoms in an element, that have different numbers of neutrons and therefore different mass number

question

atomic mass unit (amu)

answer

is 1/12 the mass of a carbon-12 atom

question

the isotope makeup of an element is determined by

answer

mass spectrometry

question

mass spectrometry

answer

a method for measuring the relative masses and abundances of atomic-scale particles and molecules, very precisely

question

atomic mass (atomic weight)

answer

the average of the masses of its naturally occurring isotopes weighted according to their abundances

question

who published the original periodic table of elements

answer

Dmitri Mendeleev

question

periodic table arranged according to

answer

increasing atomic numbers

question

horizontal rows

answer

periods

question

vertical columns

answer

groups

question

the eight A groups contain

answer

the main group elements

question

the ten B groups contain

answer

the transition elements

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metals lie where on the periodic table

answer

in the lower left portion

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nonmetals lie where on the periodic table

answer

in the small upper right portion

question

metalloids lie where on the periodic table

answer

along the staircase line

question

elements in a group have

answer

similar chemical properties

question

elements in a period have

answer

different chemical properties

question

Group 1A

answer

except hydrogen, alkali metals

question

Group 2A

answer

alkaline earth metals

question

Group A7

answer

Halogens

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ionic compounds

answer

transferring electrons from one element to another to form a bond

question

covalent compounds

answer

sharing electrons between two atoms of different elements to form a bond

question

chemical bonds

answer

forces that hold atoms together in a compound

question

ionic compounds are composed of

answer

ions

question

ions

answer

charged particles that form when an atom gains or loses one or more electrons

question

binary ionic compounds

answer

simplest type of ionic compound

question

cation

answer

metal ion that loses one or more electrons and becomes a positively charged ion

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anion

answer

nonmetal gains one or more electrons and becomes a negatively charged ion

question

monoatomic ion

answer

cation or anion derived from a single atom

question

coulomb's law

answer

the energy of attraction (or repulsion) between two particles is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the distance between them

question

energy = (charge 1 x charge 2)/ distance

answer

question

ions with higher charges

answer

attract (or repel) each other more strongly than ions with lower charges

question

smaller ions

answer

attract (or repel) each other more strongly than larger ions, because their charges are closer together

question

ionic compounds are

answer

neutral

question

covalent bond

answer

a pair of electrons mutually attracted by the two nuclei

question

most covalent substances consist of

answer

molecules

question

polyatomic ions consist of

answer

two or more atoms bonded covalently and have a net positive or negative charge

question

chemical formulas show

answer

the type and number of each atom in the smallest unit of the substance

question

formula unit

answer

the relative numbers of cations and anions in the compound

question

Cr3+

answer

Chromium (III)
Chromic

question

Cu+

answer

copper (I)
cuprous

question

Cu2+

answer

copper (II)
cupric

question

Fe2+

answer

iron (II)
ferrous

question

Fe3+

answer

iron (III)
ferric

question

Pb2+

answer

lead (II)

question

Hg2+

answer

mercury (II)
mercuric

question

Sn2+

answer

tin (II)
stannous

question

suffix -ous for the ion with the

answer

lower charge

question

suffix -ic for the ion with the

answer

higher charge

question

binary covalent compound are typically formed by

answer

the combination of two nonmetals

question

molecular mass =

answer

sum of atomic masses

question

molecular formula

answer

uses element symbols and numerical subscripts to give the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of the compound

question

H2O is an example of a

answer

molecular formula

question

structural formula

answer

shows the relative placement and connections of atoms in the molecule

question

H:O:H is an example of

answer

structural formula

question

H-O-H is an example of

answer

structural formula

question

heterogeneous mixture

answer

has one or more visible boundaries between the components; it is not uniform

question

homogeneous mixture

answer

has no visible boundaries because the component are individual atoms, ions, or molecules; it is uniform

question

another name for a homogeneous mixture

answer

solution

question

mixtures differ from compounds in three different ways

answer

1) proportions of the components can vary
2) individual properties of the components are observable
3) components can be separated by physical means

question

properties

answer

the characteristics that give each substance its unique identity

question

kinetic molecular theory of matter

answer

all matter consists of tiny particles, which are in constant motion

question

scientific method

answer

observations, hypothesis, experiment, model

question

when conducting an experiment always have a

answer

control

question

1 km =

answer

1000 m

question

1 m =

answer

1 x 10^9 nm

question

1 L =

answer

1000 mL
10 dL

question

1 kg =

answer

1000g

question

1 g =

answer

1000 mg

question

error =

answer

experimental value- accepted value

question

percent error =

answer

(experimental value/ accepted value) x 100

question

standard deviation =

answer

(SQRT( sum of differences/ ( # or trials -1))

question

calcagens

answer

'stinky elements'
sulfur, selenium

question

nobel gases have a

answer

full outer valence shell and don't form bonds

question

# protons =

answer

atomic #

question

# neutrons =

answer

total # - atomic #

question

# electrons = same # as protons

answer

question

molar ratio how to

answer

divide each number of moles by the smallest number of moles calculated

question

avagadro's number

answer

6.022 x 10^23

question

the molar mass is the

answer

mass in grams of one mole of any element

question

how many molecules in one mole of a substance

answer

6.022 x 10 ^23

question

Anything that has mass and volume

answer

matter

question

Simpler substances that make up matter

answer

composition

question

Type of matter that has a defined, fixed composition

answer

substance

question

The characteristics that give each substance its unique identity.

answer

properties

question

examples of physical changes

answer

Making ice cubes
Boiling water
Dissolving sugar into water

question

examples of chemical changes

answer

2H2(gas) + O2(gas) ------> H2O
Burning wood

question

gas particles

answer

total disorder
much empty space
particles have complete freedom of motion
particles are far apart

question

liquid particles

answer

disorder
particles are free to move relative to each other
particles are close together

question

solid particles

answer

ordered arrangement
particles are essentially in fixed positions
particles are close together

question

qualitative and quantitative data

answer

observations

question

A tentative explanation or prediction based on experimental observations

answer

hypothesis

question

clear set of steps that test the hypothesis. Consist of variables and controls

answer

experiment

question

formulating theories based on experiments. Can be used to make predictions about related phenomena

answer

model

question

laws

answer

A concise verbal or mathematical statement of a behavior or a relation that is consistently observed in nature without contradiction
Allows scientists to make new predictions

question

theory

answer

Well-tested, unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them
Sometimes used to imply a guess but to scientists, theories are based on reproducible evidence.

question

1 mile = ____ km

answer

1.609 km

question

1 inch = _____cm

answer

2.54 cm

question

1 oz = _____ g

answer

28.53 g

question

density =

answer

mass / volume

question

density

answer

the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume

question

*F = _____ *C

answer

(9/5)*C + 32

question

K= ____ *C

answer

*C + 273

question

the simplest type of matter with unique physical and chemical properties

answer

element

question

matter whose composition is fixed

answer

substance

question

independent structure consisting of two or more atoms chemically bound together

answer

molecule

question

composed of two or more different elements that are chemically bound together

answer

compound

question

a group of two or more substances that are physically intermingled

answer

mixture

question

NH4+1

answer

ammonium

question

NO2-1

answer

nitrite

question

NO3-1

answer

nitrate

question

SO3-2

answer

sulfite

question

SO4-2

answer

sulfate

question

ClO-1

answer

hypochlorite

question

ClO2-1

answer

chlorite

question

ClO3-1

answer

chlorate

question

ClO4-1

answer

perchlorate

question

MnO4-1

answer

permananate

question

OH-1

answer

hydroxide

question

H3O+1

answer

hydronium

question

PO4-3

answer

phosphate

question

CO3-2

answer

carbonate

question

CN-1

answer

cyanide

question

CrO4-2

answer

chromate

question

Cr2O7-2

answer

dichromate

question

C2H3O2-1

answer

acetate

question

O2-2

answer

peroxide

question

NaCl

answer

Sodium Chloride

question

MgBr2

answer

Magnesium Bromide

question

Extended 3-D network of an ionic solid

answer

Crystal Lattice

question

The attraction of opposing forces and the repulsion of like forces.

answer

Electrostatic forces

question

Binary Acids form when

answer

certain gases dissolve in water

question

acids which contain oxygen

answer

oxoacids

question

Mole

answer

The SI unit for measuring an amount of a substance

question

The simplest, whole number ratio of atoms in a formula

answer

Empirical Formula

question

Hydrated Compounds

answer

Compounds in which molecules of water are associated with the ions of the compounds

question

Reactants

answer

Substances combined in the reaction, written to the left of the arrow.

question

Products

answer

The substances produced in the reaction, written to the right of the arrow

question

State of Matter

answer

Physical states of the reactants and products are also included in the chemical equation

question

Balancing Chemical Equations

answer

Step 1: Write the correct formula for the reactants and products

Step 2: Balance each atom individually

Step 3: Verify that the number of atoms of each element is balanced

question

Indicates the number of moles involved in the reaction

answer

Coefficients

question

Stoichiometric Factor

answer

Also known as the mole ratio. A ratio of the coefficients from two molecules in the balanced equation

question

Limiting Reactant

answer

The reactant, that limits the amount of product produced.

question

Theoretical Yield

answer

The maximum mass of a product that can be obtained from a chemical reaction

question

Actual Yield

answer

The actual amount of a material obtained in a laboratory experiment

question

Percent Yield =

answer

(actual yield/ theoretical yield) x 100

question

Solution

answer

Homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

question

Solvent

answer

The medium in which another substances is dissolved

question

Solute

answer

The substance that is being dissolved

question

Aqueous Solutions Reactions

answer

Many of these reactions are exchange reactions in which the ions of the reactants change partners.

question

Electrolytes

answer

Compounds whose solutions conduct electricity

question

All ionic compounds that are soluble in water are

answer

Electrolytes

question

Molarity

answer

The amount of solute in moles per liter of solution

question

Molarity =

answer

(amount of solute (mols)/ volume of solution (liters))

question

stoichometry

answer

the study of the quantitative aspects of formulas and reactions

question

mole

answer

the amount of substance that contains the same number of entities as the number of atoms

question

chemist's dozen

answer

mole
6.022 X 10^23

question

molar mass (M)

answer

the mass per mole of its entities and has units of grams per mole

question

how many molecules in a mole

answer

6.022 x 10^23 molecules/ mole

question

from moles to atoms

answer

amount (mol) x (6.022 x 10^23) = number of atoms

question

mass (g) to number of molecules

answer

mass (g) / molar mass (M) = number moles
number moles x (6.022 x 10^23) = number of molecules

question

mass of element =

answer

mass of compound x (mass of element in 1 mol of compound/ mass of 1 mol of compound)

question

empirical formula is derived from

answer

mass analysis

question

empirical formula shows

answer

the lowest whole number of moles, and thus the relative number of atoms, of each element in the compound

question

molecular formula shows

answer

the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule

question

structural formula shows

answer

the relative placement and connections of atoms in the molecule

question

combustion analysis is used to

answer

measure the amounts of carbon and hydrogen in a combustible organic compound

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