Chemistry Midterm – Flashcards
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| Matter |
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| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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| Chemistry |
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| the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes |
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| the five traditional areas of study |
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| organic inorganic biochemistry analytical physical |
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| Organic Chemistry |
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| the study of all chemicals containing carbon |
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| Inorganic Chemistry |
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| the study of chemicals that in general do not contain carbon |
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| Biochemistry |
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| the study of processes that take place in organisms |
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| Analytical Chemistry |
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| the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter |
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| Physical Chemistry |
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| the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change |
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| Pure Chemistry |
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| the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake |
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| Applied Chemistry |
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| research that is directed toward a practical goal or application |
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| Technology |
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| the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired |
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| Macroscopic world |
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| the world of objects that ore large enough to see with the unaided eye |
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| Microscopic world |
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| the world of objects that can only bee seen under magnification |
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| Biotechnology |
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| applies science to the production of biological products or processes |
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| Pollutant |
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| a material found in the air water or soil that is harmful to humans or other organisms |
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| Lavoisier |
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| French scientist who helped transform chemistry from a science of observation to a science of measurement |
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| Scientific method |
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| logical systematic approach to the solution of a scientific problem |
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| steps in the scientific method |
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| making observations testing hypotheses developing theories |
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| Observation |
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| when you use your senses to obtain information |
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| Hypothesis |
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| a proposed explanation for an observation |
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| Experiment |
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| a procedure that is used to test a hypothesis |
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| Manipulated Variable |
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| the variable that is changed during the experiment |
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| Responding Variable |
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| the variable that is observed during the experiment |
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| Theory |
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| a well-tested explanation for a broad set of observations |
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| Scientific Law |
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| a concise statement that summarizes the results of many observations and experiments |
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| Steps for solving a numeric word problem |
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| analyze calculate evaluate |
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| Volume |
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| measure of the amount of space occupied by an object |
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| Extensive Property |
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| a property that depends on the amount of matter in sample |
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| Intensive Property |
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| a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample |
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| Substance |
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| matter that has a uniform a definite composition |
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| Physical Property |
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| a quality or condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substance's composition |
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| Solid |
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| a form of matter that has a definite shape and volume |
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| Liquid |
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| a form of matter that has an indefinite shape, flows, yet has a fixed volume |
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| Gas |
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| a form of matter that takes both the shape and volume of its container |
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| Vapor |
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| describes the gaseous state of a substance that is generally a solid or liquid at room temperature |
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| Mixture |
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| a physical blend of two or more components |
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| Heterogeneous mixture |
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| a mixture in which the composition is not uniform throughout |
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| Homogeneous mixture |
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| a mixture in which the composition is uniform throughout |
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| Solution |
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| another name for a homogeneous mixture |
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| Phase |
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| used to describe any part of a sample with uniform composition and properties |
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| Filtration |
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| the process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture |
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| Distillation |
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| one way to separate water form the other components in tap water |
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| Element |
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| the simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties |
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| Compound |
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| substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fixed proportion |
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| Chemical Change |
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| a change that produces matter with a different composition than the original matter |
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| Chemical Symbol |
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| one or two letter |
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| Chemical Property |
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| the ability of a substance to undergo a specific chemical change |
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| Chemical Reaction |
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| one or more substance change into one or more new substances |
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| Reactant |
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| a substance present at the start of the reaction |
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| Product |
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| a substance produced in the reaction |
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| Precipitate |
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| a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture |
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| Law of conservation of mass |
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| states that in any physical change or chemical reaction, mass is conserved. Mass is neither created nor destroyed |
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| Measurement |
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| a quantity that has both an number and a unit |
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| Scientific notation |
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| a given number is written as the product of two numbers: a coefficient and 10 raised to a power |
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| Accuracy |
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| the measure of how close a measurement comes to the actual or true value of what is measured |
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| Precision |
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| the measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another |
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| Accepted value |
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| the correct value based on reliable references |
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| Experimental value |
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| the value measured in the lab |
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| Error |
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| the difference between the experimental value and the accepted value |
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| Percent error |
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| absolute value of the error divided by the accepted value, multiplied by 100 |
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| Significant figures |
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| include all the digits that are known, plus the a last digit that is estimated |
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| International System of Units |
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| a revised version of the metric system |
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| the 5 SI base units |
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| meter, kilogram, kelvin, second, mole |
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| Meter |
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| (m) basic unit of length |
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| Liter |
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| a more convenient unit of volume, the volume of a cube that is 10 cm along each edge |
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| Kilogram |
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| the basic SI unit of mass, |
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| Weight |
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| a force that measures the pull on a given mass by gravity |
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| Temperature |
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| a measure of how hot or cold an object is |
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| Celsius scale |
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| sets the freezing point of water at 0 degrees and the boiling point at 100 |
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| Absolute zero |
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| 0 kelvin, or -273 degrees Celcius |
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| Converting between Kelvin and Celsius |
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| K=C+273 C=K-273 |
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| Energy |
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| the capacity to do work or produce heat |
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| Joule |
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| the SI unit of energy |
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| Calorie |
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| the quantity of heat that raises the temperature of one gram of pure water by one degree Celsius |
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| Conversion factor |
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| a ratio of equivalent measurements |
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| Dimensional Analysis |
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| a way to analyze and solve problems using the units, or dimensions, of the measurements |
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| Density |
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| the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume Density= mass/volume |
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| Atom |
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| the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction |
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| Dalton's Atomic Theory |
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| 1. all elements of tiny indivisible particles called atoms 2. atoms of the same element are identical. the atoms of any one element are different from those of any other element 3. atoms of different elements can physically mix together or can chemically combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds. 4. chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. atoms of one element, however, are never changed into atoms of another element as a a result of a chemical reaction |
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| Electrons |
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| negatively charged subatomic particles, located outside the nucleus |
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| Cathode Ray |
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| glowing beam of negatively charged electrodes that J.J. Thomson used in his experiment |
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| Protons |
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| positively charged subatomic particles, relative mass of 1, located in the nucleus |
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| Neutron |
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| subatomic particles with no charge, relative mass of 1 (nearly equal to that of a proton), located in the nucleus |
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| Nucleus |
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| the tiny central core of the atom composed of protons and neutrons |
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| Atomic Number |
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| the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
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| Mass Number |
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| the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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| Atomic Mass Unit |
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| (amu) defined as one-twelfth the mass of a carbon-12 atom |
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| Atomic Mass |
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| the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element |
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| Periodic Table |
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| an arrangement of elements in which the elements are separated into groups based on a set of repeating properties |
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| Period |
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| each horizontal row of the periodic table |
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| Group |
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| each vertical column of the periodic table |
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| Energy levels |
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| the fixed energies an electron can have |
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| Quantum |
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| the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another |
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| Quantum Mechanical Model |
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| the modern description of the electrons in an atom, from the mathematical solutions to Schrodinger's equation |
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| Atomic orbital |
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| often thought of as a region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron |
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| Electron configurations |
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| the ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of atoms |
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| Aufbau principle |
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| electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first |
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| Pauli exclusion principle |
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| an atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons |
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| Hund's rule |
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| states that electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number of electrons with the same spin direction as large as possible |
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| Amplitude |
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| the wave's height from zero to crest |
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| Wavelength |
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| the distance between the crests of a wave |
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| Frequency |
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| the number of wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time, usually cycles per second |
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| Hertz |
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| the SI unit of cycles per second |
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| Electromagnetic radiation |
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| includes radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, X-rays, and gamma rays |
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| Spectrum |
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| different frequencies of light separated, example is a rainbow |
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| Atomic emission spectrum |
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| the frequencies of light emitted by an element separate into discrete lines |
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| Ground state |
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| when the electron has its lowest possible energy |
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| Photons |
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| light quanta |
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| Heisenberg uncertainty principle |
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| states that it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time |
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| Periodic law |
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| when elements are arranged in order if increasing atomic number, there is a periodic repetition of their physical and chemical properties |
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| Metals |
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| are good conductors of heat and electricity, have high luster, solids at room temperature (except for mercury), ductile, and malleable |
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| Nonmetals |
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| poor conductors of heat and electricity, tend to be brittle |
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| Metalloids |
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| generally has properties that are similar to those of metals and nonmetals, under some conditions it may behave like a metal, under some it may behave like a nonmetal, the behavior often can be controlled by changing the conditions |
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| Alkali metals |
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| the group 1A elements |
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| Alkaline earth metals |
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| the group 2A elements |
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| Halogens |
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| the nonmetals of group 7A |
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| Noble gases |
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| the elements in Group 8A, sometimes called the inert gases because they rarely take part in a reaction |
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| Representative elements |
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| groups 1A through 7A, display a wide range of physical and chemical properties, their group number equals the number of electrons in the highest occupied energy level |
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| Transition metal |
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| the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby d sublevel contain electrons |
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| inner transition metals |
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| the highest occupied s sublevel and a nearby f sublevel generally contain electrons |
