Chemistry – First Semester Terms – Flashcards
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compound |
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a substance made up of atoms from two or more elements joined by chemical bonds |
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physical property |
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a characteristic that can be observed or measured without changing the identity of the substance |
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physical change |
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a change that does not involve the change in the identity of the substance |
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chemical property |
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substance's ability to undergo changes to transform it into different substances |
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chemical change |
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a change that turns a substance into an entirely different substance |
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change of state |
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a physical change of a substance from one state to another |
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solid |
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something that has a definite shape and a definite volume |
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liquid |
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something that has no definite shape but has a definite volume |
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gas |
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something that has neither a definite shape or volume |
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pure substance |
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a fixed composition that has exactly the same characteristic properties and has exactly the same composition |
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mixture |
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a blend of two or more kinds of matter that can either be homogeneous or heterogeneous |
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homogeneous |
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uniform in composition |
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heterogeneous |
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un-uniform in composition |
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group |
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a vertical column of elements in the periodic table (see family) |
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family |
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a vertical column of elements in the periodic table (see group) |
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period |
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a horizontal row of elements in the periodic table |
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metal |
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elements that are good conductors of heat and electricity |
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nonmetal |
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elements that are poor conductors of heat and electricity |
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metalloid |
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accuracy |
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how close the value is to the true or accepted value |
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precision |
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how reproducible the same value is |
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isotope |
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an element that has the same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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mass number |
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equal to the number of protons plus the number of electrons |
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atomic mass unit |
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a unit used for expressing masses in atoms or molecules |
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mole |
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a counting number for atoms |
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Avogadro's number |
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(6.0221 x 10(^23) atoms / 1 mole |
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molar mass |
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grams of element (an average) / mole |
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ground state |
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the lowest energy state of an atom or particle in its most stable state (neutral, no charge) |
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excited state |
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an atom or partial with a charge |
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orbital |
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holds electrons in shells |
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electron configuration |
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using numbers and letters, no indication of spin. ex: 1s(^2), 2s(^2), ... etc |
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Aufbau principle |
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an electron occupies the lowest energy orbital that can receive it |
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Pauli exclusion principle |
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no more than two electrons in each drawer. when you have two electrons in the same drawer, they have to have different spins |
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Hund's rule |
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orbitals of equal energy are filled by placing a single electron in each orbital and then doubling up after that. when single electrons are placed in orbitals of equal energy, they must have the same spin state |
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ion |
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charged atoms |
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ionization |
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when atoms give up electrons (form cations) |
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ionization energy |
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the energy required to remove an electron from an atom |
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electron affinity |
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when atoms gain electrons (forms anions) |
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cation |
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a positive ion |
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anion |
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a negative ion |
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valence electrons |
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electrons that are available for bonding |
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electronegativity |
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measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons from other atoms (there is no transfer of electrons! it's how badly an element wants an electron!) |
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chemical bond |
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ionic bonding |
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metal to nonmental bonding (transferring) |
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covalent bonding |
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nonmental to nonmetal bonding (sharing) |
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nonpolar covalent bonding |
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molecule |
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structure type for COVALENT bonds (this vs ionic compounds) |
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polar covalent bonding |
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molecular compound |
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a chemical compound where the simplest units are molecules |
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molecular formula |
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a formula that shows the number of atoms in a molecule |
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electron-dot notation |
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way to show an element with its valence electrons |
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Lewis structure |
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way to show bonds between COVALENT bonding |
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structural formula |
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a formula that indicates the location of atoms, number of bonds, and location of bonds |
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ionic compound |
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structure type for IONIC bonds (this vs molecules) |
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formula unit |
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a ratio of atoms - for IONIC bonding ex. NaCL, MgO, LiBr |
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lattice energy |
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the energy that holds the atoms together in an ionic compound |
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metallic bonding |
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metal to metal bonding |
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