question

Solid: volume and shape

answer

Definite volume and fixed shape

question

Liquid: volume and shape

answer

Definite volume and shape takes shape of container

question

Gas: volume and shape

answer

Neither a fixed volume or shape

question

Pure substances and the two types of pure substances

answer

Elements or compounds, a type of matter that has a definite, or fixed composition that does not vary from one sample of substance to another sample of the same substance

question

Element and how it's identified

answer

Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances
identified by its symbol

question

Compound

answer

Constant composition that can be broken down into its elements by chemical processes

question

Mixtures and the two types of mixtures

answer

two or more substances that can be separated by purely physical means (no fixed composition)
Homogeneous and heterogeneous

question

Heterogeneous mixture

answer

the composition and physical properties vary from one part of the mixture to another

question

Homogeneous mixture

answer

or a solution, a mixture uniform in its properties throughout given samples

question

Three methods of separation of a mixture

answer

Distillation, filtration, chromatography

question

Distillation

answer

Separation of a liquid mixture via different methods of vaporization depending on what the components are

question

Filtration

answer

Used when the mixture is solid and liquid

question

Chromatography

answer

This method takes advantage of differences in solubility and/or extent of absorption on a solid surface

question

Scientific measurements are expressed in the __________

answer

metric system

question

Unit of mass, length, time, and temperature

answer

Kilogram, meter, second, Kelvin

question

Weight describes

answer

the force of gravity on an object

question

Temperature

answer

the factor that determines the direction of heat flow

question

Significant figures and when they apply

answer

digits in a measured number that include all certain digits plus a final one having some uncertainty
Apply only to measurements, which are quantities subject to error

question

When do nonzero integers count as significant figures?

answer

Always

question

When do leading zeros count as significant figures?

answer

Never

question

When do captive zeros count as significant figures?

answer

Always

question

When do trailing zeros count as significant figures?

answer

Only when the number contains a decimal point

question

When a number an exact number?

answer

When we count items or when they arise from definitions

question

When multiplying or dividing numbers, how do we use sig figs?

answer

We use the least number of significant figures a measurement has

question

When adding or subtracting numbers, how do we sue sig figs?

answer

We use the least number of sig figs a measurement has

question

Chemical property

answer

a characteristic of a material involving its chemical change

question

Physical property and two types of physical properties

answer

a characteristic that can be observed for a material without changing its chemical identity, extensive and intensive

question

Extensive property

answer

one whose magnitude depends on the quantity of material (mass and volume)

question

Intensive property

answer

magnitude is independent of the amount of material (density and boiling point)

question

Density

answer

the ratio of mass to volume

question

Solubility

answer

maximum amount of a pure substance (solute) that will normally dissolve in a given quantity of a dissolving medium (solvent) at a given temperature, yielding a solution

question

Saturated solution

answer

in equilibrium with respect to a given dissolved substance

question

Unsaturated solution

answer

a solution not in equilibrium with respect to a given dissolved substance and in which more of the substance can dissolve

question

Supersaturated solution

answer

a solution that contains more dissolved substance than a saturated solution

question

The Atomic Theory, whose theory it is

answer

Dalton's Theory
1) all matter is composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms (false, subatomic particles)
2) all atoms of a given chemical element are identical in mass and in all other properties (false, different masses, isotopes)
3) different chemical elements have different kinds of atoms, and such atoms have different masses
4) in an ordinary chemical reaction, atoms move from one substance to another, but no atom of element disappears or is changed into an atom of another element
5) the formation of a compound from its elements occurs through the combination of atoms of unlike elements in small whole number ratios

question

Law of conservation of mass

answer

total mass remains constant during a chemical reaction

question

Law of constant composition

answer

in a compound, the proportions by mass of the elements that compose it are fixed

question

Law of multiple proportions

answer

two or more compounds of the same two elements, the masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the second element are in the ratio of small whole numbers

question

Atomic number and letter used to represent it

answer

Z, number of protons, all atoms of the same element have the same number of protons in the nucleus

question

Mass number and letter used to represent it

answer

A, sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus

question

Isotopes

answer

Same number of protons but different number of neutrons

question

Nuclear symbol

answer

A V
Z / (thats an x lol the element symbol)

question

Atomic mass and how it's expressed

answer

weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of that element, expressed in amu (atomic mass units)

question

Mass spectrometer

answer

used to determine the types of isotopes present in an element, the exact atomic masses of these isotopes, and the relative amount of each isotope present

question

How atomic mass is found

answer

found my multiplying the atomic mass of each isotope by its fractional abundance and adding the values obtained

question

Avogadro's number

answer

convenient number to use when working with atoms, molecules, or ions (6.0221415e+23)
Represents the number of atoms of an element in a sample whose mass in grams is numerically equal to the atomic mass of the element

question

Period

answer

Horizontal rows

question

Group

answer

Column

question

Main-group elements

answer

1, 2, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18

question

Transition metals

answer

10 elements in center
Periods 4-6 Groups 3-12

question

Alkali metals

answer

Lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), Rubidium (Rb), Cesium (Cs), and francium (Fr)
active elements that readily form ions with a +1 charge when they react with nonmetals

question

Alkaline earth metals

answer

Beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), and radium (Ra)
Form ions with a 2+ charge when they react with nonmetals

question

Halogens

answer

Group 17- flourine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At)

question

Noble gases

answer

Group 18- helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton (Kr), xenon (Xe), and radon (Rn)

question

Metalloids

answer

B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te
Have chemical behaviors in between metals and nonmetals
Semiconductors of electricity

question

Metals

answer

Left side of the table and the metalloids line
Solids (besides mercury) and conduct electricity, are ductile, malleable, and can form alloys

question

Nonmetals

answer

Right of the stairway
Wide variety of properties
Besides graphite and a form of carbon, non conduct electricity

question

NH4 +

answer

ammonium

question

Hg2 2+

answer

mercury I

question

OH -

answer

hydroxide

question

NO3 -

answer

nitrate

question

ClO3 -

answer

chlorate

question

ClO4 -

answer

perchlorate

question

CN -

answer

cyanide

question

C2H3O2 -

answer

acetate

question

MnO4 -

answer

permanganate

question

HCO3 -

answer

hydrogen carbonate

question

H2PO4 -

answer

dihydrogen phosphate

question

CO3 2-

answer

carbonate

question

SO4 2-

answer

sulfate

question

CrO4 2-

answer

chromate

question

Cr2O7 2-

answer

dichromate

question

HPO4 2-

answer

hydrogen phosphate

question

PO4 3-

answer

phosphate

question

NO3 -

answer

nitrate

question

NO2 -

answer

nitrite

question

SO4 2-

answer

sulfate

question

SO3 2-

answer

sulfite

question

ClO4 -

answer

perchlorate

question

ClO3 -

answer

chlorate

question

ClO2 -

answer

chlorite

question

ClO-

answer

hypochlorite

question

Which group in the periodic table has one metalloid and no nonmetals?

answer

13

question

Which group in the periodic table has no nonmetals or transition metals?

answer

2

question

Which group in the periodic table has no metals or metalloids?

answer

17 and 18

question

Chemical bonds

answer

forces that hold atoms together in compounds

question

Covalent bonds, what they're known as, and what kind of atoms form this bond

answer

Bond formed by sharing electrons
Molecules
Two nonmetal atoms

question

Ionic bonds, what they're known as, and what kind of atoms form this bond

answer

Bond exists between a positive and negative ion
Ionic compounds
A metal and a nonmetal atom

question

Molecule

answer

An assembly of two or more atoms that bind tightly

question

Molecular formula

answer

Involves the types of atoms present (symbols for the elements) and the relative number of atoms (using subscripts)

question

Structural formula

answer

Individual bonds are shown
Emphasizes the connectivity of atoms and chemically important groups of atoms in the molecule

question

Condensed structural formula

answer

Suggests the bonding pattern and highlights the presence of a reactive group of atoms

question

Ions

answer

The charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain electrons in chemical reactions

question

Cations

answer

Positively charged ions (losing electrons, metals)

question

Anions

answer

Negatively charged ions (gaining electrons, nonmetals)

question

Monoatomic ions and what groups form what

answer

Simple ions, single atoms that lost or gained electrons
Metals in groups 1 and 2 form positive ions with a charge equal to their group number
Metals in group 13 form positive charges with a charge equal to the last digit of their group number

question

Polyatomic ions

answer

Two or more atoms bonded together

question

Ionic bonds

answer

Strong electrical forces between oppositely charged ions that hold ionic compounds together

question

Typical ionic compound characteristics

answer

Solids at room temperature and do not conduct electricity (molten ionic compounds do)
high melting points
many ionic solids dissolve in water

question

Electrolytes

answer

Compounds whose aqueous solutions conduct electricity
All ionic compounds that are soluble in water are good electrolytes

question

Nonelectrolytes

answer

Sugar and other molecular solutes

question

Determining charges of cations from Group 1 and Group 2

answer

Form a positive ion with a charge equal to the group number of the metal

question

Determining charges of cations that are transition metals

answer

No easily predictable pattern of behavior occurs

question

Determining charges of nonmetal ions and why

answer

Negative charge equal to 18 minus the group number of the element because this represents the number of electrons gained by an atom of the element

question

Determining charges of noble gases in chemical reactions

answer

Very stable
May lose or gain electrons in few reactions

question

Naming a positively charged monoatomic ion

answer

Name of the metal plus "ion"

question

What type of metals form more than one type of positive ion and how are they identified?

answer

Transition metals that can form more than one cation
Roman numeral in parentheses right after metal's name
the ion with the higher charge has a name ending in -ic
the ion with the lower charge has a name ending in -ous

question

How to name a monoatomic negative ion

answer

Add -ide to the stem of the name of the nonmetal element from which the ion is derived from

question

What do most polyatomic anions contain and how do you name them?

answer

Most contain one or more oxygen atoms called oxoanions
Two members in such a series:
smaller number of O atoms ends in -ite
larger number of O atoms ends in -ate
More than two oxoanions make up a series:
hypo- (less than)
per- (more than)

question

When naming ionic compounds, what ion name is given first?

answer

Positive ion, then negative ion

question

Rules for naming binary molecular compounds

answer

First element:
Full element name (mono prefix isn't used)
Second element:
Replace ending with -ide

Prefixes designate number of atoms present

question

Relative proton mass in amu

answer

1.00728

question

Relative neutron mass in amu

answer

1.00867

question

Relative electron mass in amu

answer

0.00055

question

Greek prefixes 1-5

answer

mono
di
tri
tetra
penta

question

Greek prefixes 6-10

answer

hexa
hepta
octa
nona
deca

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