Chapter 13 & 14 Vocabulary – Flashcards
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human rights
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fundamental freedoms
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incorporation
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a process that extended the protections of the Bill of Rights against the actions of state and local governments
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establishment clause
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the First Amendment guarantee that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion"
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free exercise clause
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the First Amendment guarantee that prohibits government from unduly interfering with the free exercise of religion
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parochial school
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a school operated by a church or religious group
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secular
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nonreligious
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abridge
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limit
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precedent
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a model on which to base later decisions or actions
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pure speech
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the verbal expression of thought and opinion before an audience that has chosen to listen
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symbolic speech
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the use of actions and symbols, in addition to or instead of words, to express opinions
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seditious speech
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speech urging resistance to lawful authority or advocating the overthrow of the government
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defamatory speech
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false speech that damages a person's good name, character, or reputation
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slander
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false speech intended to damage a person's reputation
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libel
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false written or published statements intended to damage a person's reputation
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prior restraint
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government censorship of information before it is published or broadcast
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sequester
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to keep isolated
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gag order
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an order by a judge barring the press from publishing certain types of information about a pending court case
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shield laws
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a law that gives reporters some means of protection against being forced to disclose confidential information or sources in state courts
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picketing
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to patrol an establishment to convince workers and the public not to enter it
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Holocaust
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the mass extermination of Jews and other groups by the Nazis during World War II
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heckler's veto
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public veto of free speech and assembly rights of unpopular groups by claiming demonstrations will result in violence
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alien
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a person who lives in a country where he or she is not a citizen
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resident alien
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a person from a foreign nation who has established permanent resident in the United States
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non-resident alien
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a person from a foreign country who expects to stay in the United States for a short, specified period of time
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enemy alien
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a citizen of a nation with which the United States is at war
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illegal alien
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a person without legal permission to be in a country
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amnesty
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a group pardon to individuals for an offense against the government
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private law
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a law that applies to a particular person
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naturalization
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the legal process by which a person is granted citizenship
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jus soli
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Latin phrase meaning "law of the soil"; the principle that grants citizenship to nearly all people born in a country
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jus sanguinis
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Latin phrase meaning "law of blood"; the principle that grants citizenship on the basis of the citizenship of one's parents
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collective naturalization
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a process by which a group of people become American citizens through an act of Congress
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expatriation
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giving up one's citizenship by leaving to live in a foreign country
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denaturalization
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the loss of citizenship through fraud or deception during the naturalization process
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exclusionary rule
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a law stating that any illegally obtained evidence cannot be used in a federal court
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counsel
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an attorney
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self-incrimination
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testifying against oneself
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double jeopardy
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retrial of a person who was acquitted in a previous trial for the same crime
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rational basis test
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used by a Court to determine whether a state law is reasonably related to an acceptable goal of the government
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suspect classification
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a classification made on the basis of race or national origin that is subject to strict judicial scrutiny
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fundamental right
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a basic right of the American system or one that is indispensable in a just system
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discrimination
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unfair treatment of individuals based solely on their race, gender, ethnic group, age, physical disability, or religion
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Jim Crow laws
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law requiring racial segregation in such places as schools, buses, and hotels
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separate but equal doctrine
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a policy which held that if facilities for different races were equal, they could be separate
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civil rights movement
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the efforts to end segregation
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affirmative action
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government policies that award jobs, government contracts, promotions, admission to schools, and other benefits to minorities and women in order to made up for past discriminations
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security classification system
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the provision that information on government activities related to national security and foreign policy may be kept secret
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transcript
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a summary record
