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X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's

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skeletal age

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For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere...

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Is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off

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____ skills increase at an astonishing pace in early childhood, whereas ____ skills develop gradually over childhood and adolescense

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Language; spatial

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Fibers linking the ____ to the _____ grow and myelinate from birth through the preschool years, contributing to dramatic gains in motor coordination

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Cerebellum; cerebral cortex

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With the transition to early childhood, many children

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Become unpredictable, picky eaters

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____, often caused by unsafe water and contaminated foods, leads to nearly 2 million childhood deaths each year

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Diarrhea

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Oral rehydration therapy...

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Saves the lives of millions of children every year

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______ are the leading cause of childhood death in industrialized countries

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Unintentional injuries

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As children's bodies become more streamlined and less top-heavy,

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Balance improves greatly

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Children first represent objects and events on paper by...

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Making gestures that leave marks

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Which of the following is supported by research on individual differences in motor skills?

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parents tend to foster sex-stereotypic physical activities in their children

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Which of the following is true about the development of make-believe play?

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Older pre operational children are aware that make believe play is a representational activity

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According to Piaget, the most fundamental deficiency of preoperational thinking is..

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Egocentrism

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In piaget's conservation-of-liquid problem, pre operational children are easily distracted by the ____ of objects and ignore the ____ between events

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perceptual appearance; dynamic transformation

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Pre operational children have difficulty with _____, which involves the organization of objects into groups based on similarities and differences

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Hierarchical classification

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Follow up research indicates that even though preschoolers have difficulty with piagetian class inclusion tasks, they..

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Organize their every day knowledge into nested categories at an early age

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Consistent with Vygotsky's ideas, researchers show that _____ predict(s) gains in children's thinking

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Adult cognitive support

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Which of the following is true about preschoolers' ability to generate and follow a plan?

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when parents encourage planning in everyday activities, they help children plan more effectively

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Which of the following is supported by research on child care?

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Good child care enhances cognitive, language, and social development

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An estimated 30 percent of US preschoolers have _____, a figure that rises to 60% by age 18

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tooth decay

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Between ages 2 and 6, the brain increases from ___ percent of its adult weight to ___ percent

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70 to 90

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In contrast to activity in the left hemisphere, activity in the right cerebral hemisphere...

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increases steadily throughout early and middle childhood

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____ may profoundly affect handedness

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Pre natal events

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Casey suffered damage to his cerebellum. He will most likely display both ____ and ____ deficits?

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motor; cognitive

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Worldwide, ____ percent of deaths of children under age 5 are due to infectious disease

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70

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About ____ percent of US preschoolers lack essential immunizations

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23

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In the US, _____ are the leading cause of death among children more than 1 year old

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motor vehicle collision

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Which of the following is true about sex differences in motor skills in early childhood?

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Girls are ahead of boys in fine motor skills

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According to piaget, the most obvious change as the children move from the sensorimotor to the pre operational stage is an increase in...

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Representational, or symbolic activity

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In early pretending, toddlers use...

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Reflexive schemes

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Contemporary reserachers believe that make believe play..

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Not only reflects, but also contributes to children's cognitive and social skills

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While playing house, three year old lindsay uses a straw as a "bottle" to feed her doll. Lindsay has begun to grasp..

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dual representation

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Five year old Chaim is participating in Piaget's three mountain problem. When he is asked to pick the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll's perspective, he will most likely select the..

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picture that shows his own point of view

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Three year old Will brings all of his action figures to preschool for show and tell because he does not want any of them to feel bad if they are left behind at home. Will is demonstrating..

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Animistic thinking

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Four year old Jasmine is shown two identical tall glasses of water and agrees that they contain the same amount of liquid. When the liquid is poured into a short, wide, container, she says that there is more water in the shorter container because it is all spread out. Jasmine is demonstrating..

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An inability to conserve

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Piaget's conservation of liquid tasks demonstrates that pre operational children's thinking is characterized by ____ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, negleting other important features.

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centration

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According to Vygotsky, private speech during the preschool years

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helps young children guide their behavior during challenging tasks

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Research shows that children more often use private speech when..

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tasks are appropriately challenging and they are confused about how to proceed

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Vygotsky viewed ____ play as the ideal social context for fostering cognitive development in early childhood

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make believe

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_____ refers to shared endeavors between more expert and less expert participants, without specifying the precise features of communication

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Guided participation

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Information processing focuses on ____ that children use to transform stimuli flowing into their mental systems

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Mental strategies

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EVen preschoolers with good language skills recall poorly because..

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they are not skilled at using memory stragies

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Over spring vacay, Gerald goes to disney world with his family. When he returns to school, Gerald excitedly tells his teacher about his trip. Gerald's represenations of this personally meaningful, one-time event is known as..

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An autobiographical memory

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With regard to questions used to elicit children's autobiographical narratives, preschoolers who experience the ____ style recall ___ info about past events.

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elaborative; more

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Metacognition involves..

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thinking about thought

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Children's active efforts to construct literacy knowledge through informal experiences are called..

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Emergent literacy

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Growing evidence reveals that children with autism have..

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A deficient theory of mind

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____ is a strong predictor of emergent literacy

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Phonological awareness

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Three year old JT understands that 3 is more than 2, and 2 is more than 1. JT is demonstrating a grasp of..

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Ordinality

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Pramada attends a child care program that stresses formal academic training. As a result, Pramada is more likely to ____ than peers who attend a child-centered program

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Display a decrease in motivation and emotioanl well-being

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A central component of the Head Start philosophy is..

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parental involvement

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One reason that gains in IQ and achievement test scores from attending head start quickly dissolve is that many of the children..

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Enter low-quality public schools

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Watching educational television programming like Sesame Street is associated with..

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Getting high grades, reading more books, and placing more value on achievement in high school

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Two year old aidan says "we saw two deers". Aidan is demonstrating..

answer

Overregularization

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During a conversation, 4 year old Maleeka will..

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Adjust her speech to fit the age, sex, and social status of her listener

question

Which of the following statements is true about strategies for early word learning?

answer

Young children take advantage of the rich social info that adults frequently provide when they introduce new words

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