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Four parts of brain

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1)cerebrum 2)diencephalon 3)brain stem 4)cerebellum +some cavities-->ventricles *the ventricles contain CSF: cerebral spinal fluid

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location: lateral ventricles

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-cerebrum: cerebral hemispheres (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)

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location: third ventricle

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-diencephalon: (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

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location: fourth ventricle

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-brain stem: midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata -cerebellum

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cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum)

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*HANDOUT* 1) elevated ridges of tissue called gyri 2) separated by grooves is called a fissure (BOTH ANATOMICALLY AND SURGICALLY IMPORTANT) -cerebrum divided into lobes and are names according to the cranial bones that they lie over them

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LOBES

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1) Frontal lobe (X2) 2) Parietal lobe (X2) 3) Occipital lobe (X2) 4) Temporal lobe (X2) -p.432

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FISSURES

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1) Longitudinal fissure 2) Central fissure (separates frontal and parietal) 3) Peri-occipital fissure (X2) (separates parietal from occipital) 4) Lateral fissure (separates temporal from all three lobes)

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Frontal lobes

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-motor areas control movements of voluntary skeletal muscles -->association areas carry on higher intellectual processes such as those required for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging the consequences of behavior

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Parietal lobes

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-sensory areas are responsible for the sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving the skin -->association areas function in understanding speech and in using words to express thoughts and feelings

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Temporal lobes

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-sensory areas are responsible for hearing -->association areas interpret sensory experiences and remember visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patters

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occipital lobes

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-sensory areas are responsible for vision -->association areas combine visual images with other sensory experiences

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Functions of the cerebral cortex's neurons (some might love emily cuz she values music)

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1) speech 2) memory 3) logical and emotional responses 4) consciousness 5) interpretation of sensation 6) voluntary movement

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BASAL NUCLEI/BASAL GANGLIA

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-these are several islands/patches of gray matter, buried deep within the white matter of Cerebral Hemispheres -FUNCTION: they help to regulate voluntary motor activity (skeletal muscle) *Important in motor coordination* *basal nuclei->caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and lentiform nucleus)*

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Diencephalon (interbrain)

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1) thalamus 2) hypothalamus 3) epithalamus -cerebral hemisphere -cerebral aqueduct -corpora quadrigemina -fourth ventricle -choroid plexus -pons

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Thalamus

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-station for sensory impulses, passing upward to the sensory cortex -where--> interpretation of the senses is done -encloses third ventricle

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hypothalamus

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-plays part in the role of regulation of body temperature, water balance, and metabolism -it is also the center for many drives and emotions: appetite, sex, thirst, pain, pleasure *also known as the Emotional-visceral Brain*

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epithalamus

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-forms the roof of the third ventricle -contains: *pineal body (gland)*-->part of the endocrine system -contains: *choroid plexus*-->where CSF is formed

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Brain Stem

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1) midbrain 2) pons 3) medulla oblongata -about the size of a thumb: 3 inches long FUNCTIONS: 1) provides a pathway for ascending and descending tracts 2) control of vital activities (breathing/blood pressure) 3) controls conciousness and awake/sleep pattern by neurons of reticular formation *damage to those neurons--> coma I*

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Cerebellum

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-large like cauliflower and also has TWO hemispheres -composed primarily of white matter with a thin layer of gray matter--> cerebellar cortex -provides precise timing for skeletal muscle activity -controls balance and equilibrium (keeps body movement smooth and coordinated) by controlling: skeletal muscles, tenons, inner ear, and eye. -when they (action) are needed, it sends a message to initiate the appropriate corrective measures -anterior lobe and posterior lobe(contains the vermis)

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Cerebellar Peduncles

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-cerebellum communicates with other parts of the CNS by three pairs of nerve tracts called peduncles 1) a pair of inferior peduncle 2) a pair of middle peduncle 3) a pair of superior peduncle: sends impulses to the midbrain-->pons-->medulla oblongata-->spinal cord

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Functions of major brain region: Cerebral Hemisphere

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-cortical gray matter -basal nuclei (ganglia)

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cortical gray matter

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-localizes and interprets *sensory inputs* -control voluntary and skilled skeletal muscle activity -functions in intellectual and emotional processing

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basal nuclei (ganglia)

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-subcortical motor centers -help control skeletal muscle movements

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Functions of major brain region: diencephalon

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-thalamus -hypothalamus -limbic system

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thalamus

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-relays sensory impulses to cerebral cortex for interpretation -relays impulses between cerebral motor cortex and lower (subcortical) motor centers, including cerebellum -involved in memory processing

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limbic system

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A functional system: -includes cerebral and diencephalon structures -mediates emotional response -involved in memory processing

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Functions of major brain region: brain stem

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-midbrain -pons -medulla oblongata -reticular formation

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midbrain

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conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers -contains visual(superior colliculi) and auditory(inferior colliculi) reflex centers -contains subcortical motor centers -contains nuclei for cranial nerves III and IV -contains projection fibers

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pons

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conduction pathway between higher and lower brain centers -relays information from the cerebrum to the cerebellum -cooperates with the medullary respiratory centers to control *respiratory rate and depth* -contains nuclei of cranial nerves V-VII -contains projection fibers

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medulla oblongata

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Conduction pathways between higher brain centers and spinal cord -relays ascending sensory pathway impulses from skin and proprioceptors through nuclei cuneatus and gracilis -contains visceral nuclei controlling heart rate, blood vessel diameter, respiratory rate, vomiting, coughing etc. -contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-XII

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Reticular formation

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A functional system: -helps regulate skeletal and visceral muscle activity by motor nuclei

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Functions of a major brain region: cerebellum

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-processes information from cerebral motor cortex, proprioceptors, and visual and equilibrium pathways -provides "instructions" to cerebral motor cortex and subcortical motor centers, resulting in smooth coordinated skeletal muscle movements -responsible for proper balance and posture

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