Apush Chapter 19 Answers – Flashcards
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Late 19th cent. politics: key characteristics
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1) stability of the party system: electorate almost precisely divided between Dems. and Repubs, and balance in Congress too (Rs in the Senate, Ds in the House) 2) intense public loyalty to polit. parties created highest voter turnout ever! 78% 3) republicans: mostly wealthy ppl like industrialists and businessmen, native born protestants, small town americans, blacks. were advocates of temperance (mostly), wanted gov't interference to protect their economic interests (even though many were supposedly against that): subsidies, protective tariffs, strike-breaking. 4) democrats: southerners ("the Solid South"), immigrants, Catholics, working/urban people and laborers. wanted gov't interference to promote economic reform.
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The role of the national government
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federal gov't had very limited role except with supporting economic development (subsidies and strike breaking), presidents = weak and used the spoils system (patronage) to appease fragments of his own party (republican at the time).
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Civil War Pension system
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federal gov't also administered annual payment to retired civil war veterans and their widows. Soon got out of hand with corruption, patronage, illegitimate payments. Some wanted elimination of the system, others wanted it to become permanent.
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Rutherford B. Hayes's presidency (1877-1881)
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Hayes gained office from swing state of OH and had trouble settling the battles over patronage betw. the Stalwarts (Roscoe Conkling) who wanted traditional professional machine politics and the Half-Breeds (James G Blaine) who wanted reform. This battle overshadowed everything else in his presidency + effort to create civil service system failed+ his wife "Lemonade Lucy" = decline in popularity and would not run for a 2nd term.
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Election of 1880
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between republicans James Garfield, a half breed, + Chester A Arthur, a stalwart, vs Dem. Winfield Scott Hancock. Garfield won by "waving the bloody shirt" (blame on Dems. for Civil War), but a stalwart assassinated him. Arthur (his vp) = pres.
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Chester A. Arthur's Presidency (1881-1885)
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supported civil reform and was less inclined to patronage/spoils system b/c of Garfield's assassination (didn't make many new appointments).
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the Pendleton Act (passed by congress in 1883)
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the "magna carta" of civil service reform: required some fed. jobs (10%) be filled by written examinations, not patronage, forbade compulsory campaign contributions by federal workers.
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Election of 1884
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between James G Blaine (R) and Grover Cleveland (D). Blaine known as a corrupt liar, and Cleveland as "Grover the Good". Some Republicans called mugwumps opposed Blaine's corruption and voted for Cleveland. In NY, a minister and supporter of Blaine insulted Democrats by calling them party of "Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion" - enraged Dems, huge Catholic turnout. Cleveland carried NY (swing state) and won.
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Grover Cleveland's Presidency (1885-1889)
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opposed patronage and corrupt politics, also believed that "the gov't doesn't serve the people" - little involvement in civil reform. Frequently vetoed legis. by conress and excessive civil war pensions due to gov't surplus from the tariff, opposed high protective tariff and tried to reduce it and cut spending but congress refused.
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Wabush vs. Illinois (1886)
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supreme court ruled that individual states had no power to regulate INTERstate commerce, only commerce within a state itself, after states' attempts to regulate RR rates
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Interstate Commerce Act
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**1st gov't attempt to regulate commerce for the common good** prohibited rebates, pools, discrimination in rates betw. long and short hauls. Required railroads to publish rates and be "reasonable and just" Established the Interstate Commerce Commission to enforce it, loosely enforced by the courts.
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Election of 1888
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Between Cleveland and Benjamin Harrison (R). Tariff was the divisive issue: H. supported it, C. wanted to reduce it. Very corrupt, close election, Harrison raised more $$ and got the electoral vote.
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Harrison administration (1889-1893)
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known for its "Billion $ congress" - issued lots of civil war pensions, Harrison very passive and little influence on congress.
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Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
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passed by congress to prohibit combinations that reduced competition, but actually was initially used to attack unions, weakly enforced.
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McKinley Tariff of 1890
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highest peacetime protective tariff rate ever - 48%. hurt farmers badly and greatly reduced Rs. placeholders in the 1890 congressional election. Cleveland won the election of 1892.
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The Grangers
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alliance of Farmers founded by Oliver H. Kelley in 1867 dedicated to bringing farmers together to learn new agric. technologies to keep up with the times, and to create a sense of community for them. Set up their own production enterprises and cooperated with the mail-order business. Controlled legis. in some states. had 800k members at one point and strongest in south and midwest, declined due to suppression by the courts and inadequate leadership.
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Causes of agrarian discontent
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isolation and dreariness of agricultural life, high prices by middlemen, domination by RR and warehouse monopolies
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Farmers Alliances
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a larger more successful successor to the Grangers, in South, Northwest and Midwest. Also formed their own production enterprises, favored more socialist/cooperative system over economic competition as the basis for the economy.
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Mary Lease
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most notable woman Alliance/Populist Lecturer- "raise less corn and more hell"
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Tom Watson
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Southern Alliance leader who supported creation of a 3rd party, only southern congressman elected in 1890 to identify with the alliance, previously supported interracial unity but later became more radical and a racist.
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Populism
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Farm-based movement of the late 1800s mainly in South/Midwest that grew into a joint effort between farmer and (some) labor groups against big business and machine-based politics. Arose out of the Farmers Alliances and became a third party in the election of 1892.
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The Ocala Demands
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the Populist party platform developed in ocala FL
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When was the People's Party Officially created?
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july 1892 in Omaha NE. Nominated James B. Weaver for pres., lost but gained many seats in state legislatures.
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Omaha Platform
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1) proposed system of "subtreasuries": gov't would establish network of warehouses where farmers could deposit their crops, which would be used as collateral for low-interest gov't loans to farmers 2) Called for abolition of national banks, end of absentee ownership of land, wanted direct election of US senators, other measures to give the ppl bigger say in gov't. 3) called for regulation of gov't ownership of enterprises like RRs and telegraphs, wanted gov't operated postal savings banks 4) wanted graduated income tax and inflation of currency (use of silver)
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Free Silver
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endorsed by populists: permitting silver along with gold to be used as basis for currency which would expand the $ supply and cause inflation; attracted support of miners in the Rocky Mountain states.
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Populist party members
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small/family farmers with limited economic security and credit, sharecroppers and tenants, especially ppl geographically isolated, women, and middle class leaders; attracted little labor support.
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Populism and African Americans
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blacks made up their own "colored alliances", but populist party as a whole did not have definitive stance on including blacks. most allowed it as long as whites remained in control, southern attacks on the party diminished racial integration.
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Panic of 1893
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2 corporate failures: Philadelphia/Reading RRs in PA, and National Cordage company declared bankruptcy. Led to collapse of stock market, failure of banks involved in stock, contraction of credit, failure of loan-dependent businesses. Also caused by depressed agricultural prices (farmers = most ppl had less purchasing power), depression in europe (decrease market) and RR development exceeding demand. effects: Created most severe depression the US had ever seen, showed inter-connectedness of economy,
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Coxey's Army
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Jacob S. Coxey (populist) advocated massive public works program to create jobs and inflation in response to the depression. After Congress ignored him, he led a march of a group of unemployed men from OH to DC to present their demands to the gov't. Coxey was arrested, followers placed in camps, congress ignored demands.
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Crime of '73
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The ratio of value of silver pieces to gold for currency was 16:1, but the actual commercial value of silver was much more than that, so ppl sold their silver for manufacturing instead of taking it to the mint. Congress passed a law officially discontinuing silver coinage in response to this, but later, commercial value of silver dropped way below 16:1 which made it reasonable for coinage of silver again. But b/c of the law, congress had eliminated a potential method for expanding the currency and a potential market for silver miners. some (farmers and silver miners) saw it as a conspiracy by big bankers.
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890)
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required the government to purchase silver, but not coin it, and pay for it in gold, depleted the US's gold reserve supply. later repealed but created permanent split in Cleveland's democratic party.
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Symbolism behind the silver question
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supporters of the gold standard saw defense of gold as essential to preserving honor and stability of the nation, supporters of free silver saw silver as a symbol of liberation from oppression and debt.
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Election of 1896
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Republicans were sure of success due to dems. inadequate dealing with silver question and nominated William McKinley of OH (of the mckinley tariff). Repub. opposed free silver except w/ unlikely agreement of other leading commercial nations. Democrats more divided between populist sympathizers, supporters of the gold standard, and moderates. William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech won him the nomination. McKinley Won.
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William Jennings Bryan's "Cross of Gold" speech
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passionate, elaborate speech in support of free silver. -"You shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of gold" Democratic party voted to adopt a pro-silver platform, Bryan became symbolic of protestant middle class america.
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Birth of Modern Campaigning
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opposite to the detached, aloof stance of candidates to their campaigning parties and started by bryan. people saw it as undignified and he declined in popularity, lost the election.
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Decline of Populists
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after deliberation, populist party agreed to fusion with Bryan and the Democratic Party in support of free silver instead of naming their own candidate, but after he lost, the party collapsed.
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The McKinley Administration
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marked by a relative calm; agrarian/labor unrest subsided, commitment of admin. to preserving stability, easing of economic crises. Committed to higher tariff rates.
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The Dingley Tariff
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Mckinley approved highest duties ever raised in american history
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Currency Act of 1900
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After failed negotiations with europe to settle the silver question. assigned a specific gold value to the dollar and required all currency issued by the US to adhere to that value = conservative victory.
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Motivations and Justifications for Imperialism
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1) need for new natural resources and markets 2) outlet for domestic frustrations 3) fear of US being left out of struggle for dominance 4) "Yellow journalism" emphasized the need to prove maniless 5) sense of religious / cultural superiority - must uplift backwards peoples 6) increased naval strength/production and jingoism.
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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navy captain and advocate of imperialism, wrote thesis in The Influence of Sea Power Upon History - countries with sea power were the greatest nations, the US's greatness depended on its naval strength (achieved by strong economy, commerce, merchant marine). US should construct a canal across the isthmus Central America to connect the oceans, establish defensive bases on both sides of the canal, take Hawaii and other Pacific islands
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Venezuelan Dispute
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Cleveland administration supported Venezuela in a boundary dispute with GB, invoked the Monroe doctrine, and demanded GB submit to arbitration (US decides how to resolve it). GB ignored the demand, US threatened war, GB relented. Example of "Twisting the lion's tail" - US asserting its power just because it can.
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The US in Hawaii
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Hawaii and pacific islands had been way stations for American ships for years, 19th c imperialism made navy more eager to acquire Pearl Harbor as a permanent base for US ships, which it did in 1887. American merchants, missionaries, sugar planters (hawaiian and asian workers) settled at that time as well = demographic catastrophe (disease) and diminished Polynesian culture/religion/economy and self-sufficient societies. Hawaiian Sugar exempt from tariff until 1890. Nationalist Queen Lil took the throne in 1891, but Americans dominated elected legislatures. Americans overthrew her in 1893 to regain tariff exemption and restore the economy. annexed in 1898 b/c of spanish-american war.
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Samoa
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was also a way station, Hayes established a naval base at Pago Pago through a treaty. GB and Germany also battling for dominance, eventually all agreed to share samoa, but didnt solve the rivalry so US and Germany divided the islands between themselves and compensated GB with other Pacific island territories.
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Spanish-American War Background
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Cubans were rebelling against Spain and its oppression, and Americans had invested in Cuban sugar plantations, mines, and RRs which were being destroyed in the revolutions. Spanish established concentration camps for rebels and civilians and the "yellow journalists" exaggerated spanish abuses. US = "overseer" of Western Hemisphere - inclined to step in.
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Immediate Causes for Spanish- American War
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1) William R. Hearst leaked a letter in 1897 from a spanish diplomat criticizing president McKinley = angered the public (even tho many prob. agreed w/ the diplomat). 2) 1898 explosion of the Maine in Havana Harbor: amer. battleship en route to cuba to protect american lives and property, ppl thought spanish did it and wanted revenge, but probably an accident inside the ship. "Remember the Maine!" effects: much pressure for McKinley, issued the Teller Amendment and sent war message to congress
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Teller Amendment
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claimed US would grant cuban independence (occupy and liberate cuba) if it won the war.
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Characteristics of Spanish-American War
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-was over very quickly (from april to august 1898), cuban rebels had already severely weakened spanish forces, the US coming in was more of a "mopping up exercise," few american casualties *in battle*. - american soldiers seriously lacked supplies and were inadequately prepared, racial tensions between white soldiers, cuban rebels, and blacks, many soldiers died of disease and bad food.
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Seizing the Philippines
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not part of conquest of cuba, but at the same time as Spanish-American War. T. Roosevelt (imperialist, asst. secretary of navy) ordered Commodore Dewey to destroy Spanish fleet in Manila, eventually captured Manila and was decisive American victory. Also enraged many americans, seen as unnecessary, an effort to crush spain's empire.
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Conquest of Cuba
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Spanish Admiral slipped past American navy in Cuba and reached Santiago harbor, American Atlantic fleet captured him and Army rushed from FL to attack santiago, but took a long time to assemble in Cuba. the Rough Riders, led by Roosevelt, made up the center of the force and conquered spanish posts on the way to santiago. Spanish gave up the cause, but US kept fighting and drove them out, moved on to Puerto Rico, Spain and US established armistice to end the war.
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Battle of San Juan Hill
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One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt and Rough Riders charged on and defeated Spanish fleets. Placed America at an advantage
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Treaty of Paris (1898)
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formal end to the Spanish-American War. Spain gave up Cuba (not necessarily to the US, just in general), formally ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to U.S.
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The Platt Amendment
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after Cuba drew up its own constitution ignoring the US: forbade cuba from making treaties with other nations (US controls foreign policy) and gave US right to intervene to protect independence, life, and property, must allow US naval stations.
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Puerto Rico and the U.S.
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had been part of the spanish empire w/ spanish ruling class and large african work force, coffee and sugar plantations dominated the economy. Uprisings prompted Spain to grant it a degree of independence, but the US had already taken over it by that point, military remained in control until 1900, established colonial gov't until 1917 when it became a territory and puerto ricans declared citizens of the US. Sugar economy became part of the U.S.'s international economy.
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Dilemma Over the Philippines
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McKinley torn over whether to fight to take it over formally, to give it independence, or to give it to spain or another world power. Decided to annex the islands and U.S. paid $20 million to acquire it from Spain as an extra demand to end the war. US engaged in long, bloody battle with native Filipinos' resistance, but retained its power and made its mission to prepare them for independence, which they gained in 1946.
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The Open Door Policy
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Cause: European countries carving up China for themselves, seen as threat to american commerce there. Policy: (McKinley) US wanted access to china, but no special advantages there, each nation w. a sphere of influence must respect rights of other nations in its sphere and current system of port dues/tariff must remain intact. (pretty much ignored)
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Boxer Rebellion
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1899 rebellion in Beijing started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the foreign powers, attacked the diplomatic corps at Peking. Put down by international expeditionary force, Open Door policy accepted.
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The Root Reforms
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in response to deficiencies of American troops in Spanish-American war. Enlarged army to max. of 100k, created federal army standards for the national guard, officer training schools, general staff to the secretary of war (Joint Chiefs of Staff), army and navy board.
